Criminology Happens

Justice Quarterly 40(1)

2012-02-09T17:48:00.000-05:00

Justice Quarterly, January 2012: Volume 40, Issue 1

Youth violence at school and the intersection of gender, race, and ethnicity
Anthony A. Peguero, Ann Marie Popp

The intersection of gender, race, and ethnicity is significant when examining youth violence at school. Sports are an insulating factor against victimization for girls regardless of race/ethnicity. Sports are a protective for White American boys while a risk for racial/ethnic minority boys against victimization. Academic activity for Asian American girls is a risk factor for victimization.

Taxometrics and Criminal Justi Assessing the Latent Structure of Crime-Related Constructs
Glenn D. Walters

Taxometric method capable of shedding light on key criminal justice concepts. Sample and indicator preconditions discussed. Principal procedures include MAMBAC, MAXCOV/MAXEIG, and L-Mode. Taxometrics illustrated with delinquency cohort data.

Pornographic exposure over the life course and the severity of sexual offenses: Imitation and cathartic effects
Christina Mancini, Amy Reckdenwald, Eric Beauregard

We examine whether pornography exposure elevates the violence of a sexual crime. Only adolescence exposure was associated with increased victim harm. Immediately prior exposure decreased the extent of victim physical injury. Research and policy implications are discussed.

Low Resting Heart Rate and Rational Choi Integrating Biological Correlates of Crime in Criminological Theories
Todd A. Armstrong, Brian B. Boutwell

We test the relationship between low resting heart rate and perceptions of the costs and benefits of offending. Those with low resting heart rate anticipate a lower risk of sanction and less guilt/shame as a result of offending. LRHR is related to an increased intent to commit assault. The relationship between low resting heart rate and intent to commit assault is mediated by guilt/shame.

Shades of blue: Confidence in the police in the world
Liqun Cao, Yung-Lien Lai, Ruohui Zhao

The impact of political regime on the confidence in the police is examined. Results show that there is a convex curvilinear relationship between political regime and confidence in the police. Stability, regardless of regime nature, promotes confidence in the police while political unrest demotes it.

Public opinion on crime causation: An exploratory study of Philadelphia area residents
Shaun L. Gabbidon, Danielle Boisvert

Philadelphia area residents were asked their opinions on crime causation. There were significant gender differences in opinions on crime causation. There were significant across-race differences in opinions on crime causation. There were few within-race differences in opinions on crime causation. Public opinion on crime causation significantly differed based on one's political ideology.

Assessing the effectiveness of drug courts on recidivism: A meta-analytic review of traditional and non-traditional drug courts
Ojmarrh Mitchell, David B. Wilson, Amy Eggers, Doris L. MacKenzie

We meta-analytically synthesized the results of 154 drug court evaluations. This meta-analysis is the largest of its kind. Evaluations of adult and DWI drug courts reveal substantial reductions in recidivism. The mean effect of these courts is a 12-percentage point drop in recidivism. Evaluations of juvenile drug courts reveal much smaller reductions in recidivism.

Problematic alcohol consumption by police officers and other protective service employees: A comparative analysis
Henriikka Weir, Daniel M. Stewart, Robert G. Morris

Members of protective service occupations (PSOs) do not consume alcohol more often than members of other occupational groups. PSO members do not exhibit higher likelihood of alcohol abuse/dependency when compared to other occupational groups. PSO members report a higher occurrence of binge drinking than members of other occupations. The relationship between PSO members and binge drinking is not mediated by mental health but gender. The correlates of alcohol abuse/dependency do not substantially differ for PSOs when compared to non-PSOs.

Take the car keys away: Metropolitan structure and the long road to delinquency
Gisela Bichler, Carlena A. Orosco, Joseph A. Schwartz

This study compares delinquent and at-risk youth travel within the context of urban structure with a multilevel model. It is the first scholarship to examine offender travel within the urban structure. The findings show that distinctive population subgroups do exist within youths involved in juvenile probation. Regional metropolitan structure and vehicle accessibility increase the potential for delinquent youth to escape supervision The travel range of at-risk youth is significantly restricted and associated with the popularity of youth hangouts.

On the relationship of past to future involvement in crime and delinquency: A behavior genetic analysis
J.C. Barnes, Brian B. Boutwell

This study analyzed stability and change in criminal behavior across a 13-year span. Genetic factors explained the majority of stability in antisocial behavior. Genetic and nonshared environmental factors explained changes. Population heterogeneity explanations of stability are consistent with the findings. State dependence theories may be salient for explaining behavioral change.

Social Problems 59(1)

2012-02-09T15:22:00.002-05:00

Social Problems, February 2012: Volume 59, Issue 1

Presidential Address: The Challenge of Service Sociology
A. Javier Treviño

Laboring Underground: The Employment Patterns of Hispanic Immigrant Men in Durham, NC
Chenoa A. Flippen

The dramatic increase in Hispanic immigration to the United States in recent decades has been coterminous with fundamental shifts in the labor market towards heightened flexibility, instability, and informality. As a result, the low-wage labor market is increasingly occupied by Hispanic immigrants, many of whom are undocumented. While numerous studies examine the implications for natives' employment prospects, our understanding of low-wage immigrants themselves remains underdeveloped. Drawing on original data collected in Durham, North Carolina, this article provides a more holistic account of immigrant Hispanic's labor market experiences, examining not only wages but also employment instability and benefit coverage. The analysis evaluates the role of human capital and immigration characteristics, including legal status, in shaping compensation outcomes, as well as the influence of other employment characteristics. Findings highlight the salience of nonstandard work arrangements such as subcontracting and informal employment to the labor market experiences of immigrant Hispanic men, and describe the constellation of risk factors that powerfully bound immigrant employment outcomes.

Explaining Frame Variation: More Moderate and Radical Demands for Women's Citizenship in the U.S. Women's Jury Movements
Holly J. McCammon

While social movement scholars have added immeasurably to our knowledge of activist framing, few researchers analyze the circumstances leading to variation in the frames articulated by movement actors. In this study, I explore an important and understudied form of frame variation, whether activists use more moderate or more radical frames. Using framing data from the early twentieth-century U.S. women's jury movements, I first show that activists offered both a more traditional and moderate difference frame, arguing that women should be permitted on juries because they would provide a unique female perspective in jury deliberations, and a more radical equality frame, stating that women had an equal right to sit on juries and they were as intellectually capable as men to do so. Second, I demonstrate that a combination of circumstances explains whether the jury activists were likely to articulate more moderate or more radical arguments. I find that frame variation is driven by activist organizational identities, a cultural and political resonance process, and a counterframing process. Findings from multinomial and binary logistic regression analyses reveal that all three processes influenced jury activist framing.

The Paradox of Protection: National Identity, Global Commodity Chains, and the Tequila Industry
Sarah Bowen, Marie Sarita Gaytán

Nations and nationalism remain relevant even in the context of increased global integration. At the same time, as commodity chains become longer, more transnational, and increasingly complex, the linkages between national identity, global capitalism, and political and economic elites are evolving. In this article, we show how culture—expressed in terms of national attachment and collective heritage—is a key means by which elites assert their power along global commodity chains. Specifically, we use the tequila commodity chain as a lens for analyzing how notions of patrimony, and the attendant reliance on the language of shared collective experience, are mobilized to forward corporate agendas in the global marketplace. Focusing on the interplay between global processes and local responses, we argue that the Mexican state and tequila companies promote notions of nationalness at the expense of the agave farmers, small-scale distillers, and communities where tequila is produced. We show how three central themes are part of this process: the protection of place, the maintenance of quality, and the defense of national interests. This article illustrates how new forms of national attachments are emerging under globalization by integrating an analysis of culture into commodity chain research.

Weak Coffee: Certification and Co-Optation in the Fair Trade Movement
Daniel Jaffee

The sociological literature on social movement organizations (SMOs) has come to recognize that under neoliberal globalization many SMOs have moved from an emphasis on the state as the locus of change toward a focus on corporations as targets. This shift has led some SMOs to turn to forms of market-based private regulatory action. The use of one such tactic—voluntary, third-party product certification—has grown substantially, as SMOs seek ways to hold stateless firms accountable. This article explores the case of the international fair trade movement, which aims to change the inequitable terms of global trade in commodities for small farmers, artisans, and waged laborers. Drawing from interviews with a range of fair trade participants, document analysis, and media coverage, the article describes fair trade's growing relationship with multinational coffee firms, particularly Starbucks and Nestlé. It explores intra-movement conflicts over the terms for and the effects of corporate participation in fair trade, and illuminates tensions between conceptualizations of fair trade as movement, market, and system. The article makes two arguments. First, while fair trade has succeeded partially in reembedding market exchange within systems of social and moral relations, it has also proved susceptible to the power of corporate actors to disembed the alternative through a process of movement co-optation. Second, it argues that co-optation takes a unique form in the context of social movements whose principal tools to achieve social change are certification and labeling: it occurs primarily on the terrain of standards, in the form of weakening or dilution.

Neighborhood Ethnic Composition and Resident Perceptions of Safety in European Countries
Moshe Semyonov, Anastasia Gorodzeisky, Anya Glikman

Employing data from the 2002 European Social Survey for 21 national representative samples, we provide the first cross-national analysis of the relations between ethnic composition of neighborhood and perception of neighborhood safety in the European context. The data reveal considerable variation both across countries and across individuals in perceived safety. Bi-level regression analysis shows that perceived safety tends to be lower in countries characterized by a high imprisonment rate and among Europeans who are physically and socially vulnerable (e.g., among women and elderly people, and among populations of low income and low education). Net of individual-level and country-level attributes, the analysis shows that perceived safety is lowest in neighborhoods mostly populated by non-European ethnic minorities and highest in neighborhoods mostly populated by Europeans. The effect of ethnic composition of neighborhood on perceived safety holds even after controlling for previous personal exposure to crime and views toward minorities' impact on crime. We discuss the results in comparison to findings in the United States and in the light of theory in order to delineate the ways that views and perceptions about places are formed and shaped.

Big Books and Social Movements: A Myth of Ideas and Social Change
David S. Meyer, Deana A. Rohlinger

Explanations of the past both reflect and influence the way we think about the present and future. Like artists and politicians, social movements develop a “reputation” that includes a capsule history of a movement's origins, goals, and impact. Both popular narratives and scholarly treatments identify four books published in the early 1960s as having spurred important social movements and government action. This “big book myth” provides a simple origins story for social movements, a version of an “immaculate conception” notion of social change. We compare the mythic accounts of feminist, environmental, anti-poverty, and consumer movements of the 1960s to fuller histories of these movements and find consistent distortions in the common big book narratives. Mythic accounts shorten the incubation time of social movements and omit the initiating efforts of government and political organizations. The myths develop and persist because they allow interested actors to package and contain a movement's origins, explicitly suggesting that broad social dynamics replicate idealized individual conversion stories. They also allow actors to edit out complicated histories that could compromise the legitimacy of a movement or a set of policy reforms. These mythic accounts spread and persist because they simplify complicated social processes and offer analogues to the individual process of becoming active, but they may lead us to misunderstand the past and make misjudgments about collective action and social change in the future. We consider those implications and call for more research on the construction of myths about the past.

Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 49(1)

2012-02-09T15:18:00.002-05:00

Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, February 2012: Volume 49, Issue 1

The Conditional Effects of Race and Politics on Social Control: Black Violent Crime Arrests in Large Cities, 1970 to 1990
Thomas D. Stucky

Numerous studies of the determinants of formal social control of Blacks focus on racial threat arguments, which contain implicit or explicit political elements. Using insights from research on politics and social control more generally, this article argues that the relationship between variation in the racial composition of a city and social control of minorities will be conditional on characteristics of the local political system. Hypotheses are tested using pooled cross-sectional time-series data on 100 large U.S. cities in 1970, 1980, and 1990. Contrary to expectations, Black violent crime arrest rates are curvilinearly negatively associated with larger percentages of Black residents. As predicted, the relationship between the percentage of Black residents and Black violent crime arrest rates is conditional on city political system characteristics (elected mayors, district council elections, and partisan ballots), the race of the mayor, and the percentage of city council members who are Black.

Age Matters: Race Differences in Police Searches of Young and Older Male Drivers
Richard Rosenfeld, Jeff Rojek, and Scott Decker

Prior research on police searches of motorists has consistently found that Black drivers are more likely to be searched than White drivers. The authors argue that race differences in police searches depend on the driver’s age. In logistic regression and propensity-score matching analyses of St. Louis police traffic stops, the authors find that young Black males are subjected to discretionary searches at higher rates than are young White males. By contrast, among drivers age 30 and older, Black males are no more likely, and in some analyses are less likely, than White males to be subjected to a discretionary search. The study findings are consistent with studies of young Black males’ negative experience with and attitudes toward the police. If replicated in future research, however, the findings suggest that it may be difficult to prove that police searches of young Black males result primarily from racial bias or unlawful discrimination.

The Imprisonment Penalty for Young Black and Hispanic Males: A Crime-Specific Analysis
Patricia Warren, Ted Chiricos, and William Bales

In the United States, there are well-known racial, ethnic, age, and sex differences in incarceration rates. Younger offenders are more likely to be sentenced to prison than are older offenders. Black and Hispanic rates of incarceration are six to eight times that of White offenders and males are 14 times as likely as women to be sentenced to prison. This research explores how the combined effects of race, ethnicity, age, and sex, net of legally relevant factors, influence the decision to incarcerate. We examine these effects across nine offense categories. The analysis is based on Florida felony conviction data for the years 2000 to 2006. We find that legally relevant factors significantly influence the incarceration decision. Young Black males are most disadvantaged at the incarceration decision.

The Long-Term Effects of Paternal Imprisonment on Criminal Trajectories of Children
Marieke van de Rakt, Joseph Murray, and Paul Nieuwbeerta

This study investigates the effects of fathers’ imprisonment on criminal convictions of their children (aged 18 to 30). Unique official data of the Criminal Career and Life Course Study (CCLS) are used on a nationally representative sample of Dutch men convicted in 1977. Growth curve analysis is used to establish the influence of paternal imprisonment on the development of criminal careers of children. Special attention is paid to the timing and the duration of the imprisonment. The authors demonstrate an association between fathers’ imprisonment and child convictions, especially when fathers are imprisoned when the child is between 0 and 12 years old. When fathers’ criminal history is controlled for, the influence of paternal imprisonment becomes much weaker, although it remains significant. The dose–response relationship between the length of the father’s imprisonment and children’s convictions disappears after controlling for other variables. In the Netherlands, effects of paternal imprisonment on children are very weak and similar to the effects found in another study in Sweden. More research is needed to adequately test the mechanisms causing the relationship between paternal imprisonment and child crime.

Delinquency Balance and Time Use: A Research Note
Jean Marie McGloin

McGloin (2009) recently demonstrated that an imbalance in delinquency between a subject and his or her best friend predicted within-individual changes in offending behavior. Still, the precise mechanism(s) whereby subjects moved toward delinquency balance remained unclear. It is possible that this process has little to do with the transmission of deviant values, but instead is a reflection of unstructured and unsupervised time spent with peers. The results suggest that an imbalance in time use between peers predicts an imbalance in deviance between peers, but not within-individual change in delinquency. The discussion considers the implication of these findings for theory and research on peer processes.

Are Parrots CRAVED? An Analysis of Parrot Poaching in Mexico
Stephen Pires and Ronald V. Clarke

Poaching significantly contributes to the endangerment of protected wildlife but has rarely been studied by criminologists. This study examines whether CRAVED, a general model of theft choices drawn from routine activity and rational choice theory, can help to explain parrot poaching. It correlates estimates of the numbers poached for the 22 species of Mexican parrots with measures of CRAVED components (concealable, removable, available, valuable, enjoyable, and disposable). Widely available species and those whose chicks are easily removable from the nest are more commonly poached, a pattern suggesting that most poachers are opportunistic villagers. More valuable/disposable and more enjoyable species are rarely taken because few remain in the wild after being heavily poached for export in the 1980s. Apart from helping to explain parrot poaching and consider conservation options, the application of CRAVED suggested a possible contribution to understanding theft choices. This was that “abundant” and “accessible” might replace “available.”

Crime & Delinquency 58(1)

2012-02-07T10:34:00.000-05:00

Crime & Delinquency, January 2012: Volume 58, Issue 1

Differential Deterrence: Studying Heterogeneity and Changes in Perceptual Deterrence Among Serious Youthful Offenders
Thomas A. Loughran, Alex R. Piquero, Jeffrey Fagan, and Edward P. Mulvey

Perceptual deterrence has been an enduring focus of interest in criminology. Although recent research has generated important new insights about how risks, costs, and rewards of offending are perceived and internalized, there remain two specific limitations to advancing theories of deterrence: (a) the lack of panel data to show whether issues of changes in perceptions over age and time are linked to changes in offending and (b) the lack of research on perceptual deterrence of active offenders, arguably the most policy-relevant group for these studies. Using longitudinal data on offending and perceptions of risks and punishment costs for a large sample of serious youthful offenders, the authors identify significant heterogeneity in sanction threat perceptions generally and across different types of offenders. These differences in perception reflect variation among offenders in the amount of prior information on offending on which individuals may be basing their perceptions. There likely exists a potential “ceiling” and “floor” of sanction threat perceptions, indicating that there are deterrence boundaries beyond which some types of offenders may be more amenable to sanction threats whereas others may be undeterred by sanction threats. Directions for future theoretical and empirical research are discussed.

Cultures of Violence and Acts of Terror: Applying a Legitimation–Habituation Model to Terrorism
Christopher W. Mullins and Joseph K. Young

Although uniquely positioned to provide insight into the nature and dynamics of terrorism, overall the field of criminology has seen few empirically focused analyses of this form of political violence. This article seeks to add to the understanding of terror through an exploration of how general levels of violence within a given society influence the probability of political dissidents within that society resorting to terror as a form of political action. Drawing on the legitimation–habituation thesis, the authors explore whether general levels of legitimate and illegitimate violence within a society predict terrorist violence (both internal and external in direction) within that society. To do so, the authors use zero-inflated negative binomial regression models to perform time series cross-sectional analysis on predictors of terrorist events from the Global Terrorism Database. The authors find support for their core hypothesis and provide a discussion of the implications for the findings within their data and for future criminological research on terrorism.

Crisis Intervention Teams and People With Mental Illness: Exploring the Factors That Influence the Use of Force
Melissa S. Morabito, Amy N. Kerr, Amy Watson, Jeffrey Draine, Victor Ottati, and Beth Angell

The Crisis Intervention Team (CIT) program was first developed to reduce violence in encounters between the police and people with mental illness as well as provide improved access to mental health services. Although there is overwhelming popular support for this intervention, scant empirical evidence of its effectiveness is available—particularly whether the program can reduce the use of force. This investigation seeks to fill this gap in the literature by exploring the factors that influence use of force in encounters involving people with mental illness and evaluating whether CIT can reduce the likelihood of its use.

Public Attitudes Toward Juveniles Who Commit Crimes: The Relationship Between Assessments of Adolescent Development and Attitudes Toward Severity of Punishment
Terrence T. Allen, Eileen Trzcinski, and Sheryl Pimlott Kubiak

In this article, the authors used a statewide survey to investigate the extent to which beliefs regarding the age at which youth reach maturity, the role of peer influences, and other factors, such as abuse during childhood, are associated with measures of how harshly juveniles should be treated by the justice system. The results of this study provide strong support for the hypothesis that assessments of adolescent development are important predictors of attitudes about how juveniles should be treated in the justice system. In all cases, variables measuring attitudes surrounding adolescent development explained substantially more of the variance in attitudes toward punishment than did demographic and socioeconomic variables.

Gender and Relational-Distance Effects in Arrests for Domestic Violence
William Lally and Alfred DeMaris

This study tests two hypotheses regarding factors affecting arrest of the perpetrator in domestic violence incidents. Black’s relational-distance thesis is that the probability of arrest increases with increasing relational distance between perpetrator and victim. Klinger’s leniency principle suggests that the probability of arrest is lower for male perpetrators assaulting female intimate partners, compared with other scenarios. The authors employed marginal logistic regression models using incident-based data from the National Survey of Violence and Threats of Violence Against Women and Men in the United States, 1994-1996, to test both effects. They found support for Black’s thesis: The likelihood of arrest was lower when the perpetrator was an acquaintance, a relative, or a romantic partner of the victim, versus a stranger. However, the authors’ results failed to support Klinger’s hypothesis. They found that men were more likely to be arrested when assaulting a female—regardless of relationship status—compared with assaulting another male.

Exploring Inmate Reentry in a Local Jail Setting: Implications for Outreach, Service Use, and Recidivism
Michael D. White, Jessica Saunders, Christopher Fisher, and Jeff Mellow

Although prisoner reentry has taken center stage in correctional research and policy discussions, there has been little emphasis on reentry among jail populations. This paper examines a jail-based reentry program in New York City that begins while individuals are incarcerated and includes 90 days of postrelease services. This article explores these assumptions through an evaluation of a jail-based reentry program in New York City that begins while individuals are incarcerated and includes 90 days of postrelease services. To determine program impact, the authors compare samples of participants with nonparticipants and program completers with noncompleters. The groups are matched using developmental trajectories derived from group-based trajectory modeling, in addition to propensity score matching. Findings show that participants perform no better than nonparticipants over a 1-year follow-up, but those who stay engaged for at least 90 days of postrelease services experience significantly fewer (and slower) returns to jail. The findings regarding program completion are tempered by several methodological concerns, however. The article concludes with a discussion of how the study may offer insights for program implementation and operation with this target population.

Reevaluating Interrater Reliability in Offender Risk Assessment
Leontien M. van der Knaap, Laura E.W. Leenarts, Marise Ph. Born, and Paul Oosterveld

Offender risk and needs assessment, one of the pillars of the risk–need-responsivity model of offender rehabilitation, usually depends on raters assessing offender risk and needs. The few available studies of interrater reliability in offender risk assessment are, however, limited in the generalizability of their results. The present study examined interrater reliability in Dutch offender risk assessment by 38 raters who independently assessed 75 offenders. The results show substantial reliability (Tinsley and Weiss’s T value ≥ .61) for risk of reconviction and moderate (T value ≥ .41) to substantial reliability for offender needs, such as accommodation, finances, or education. These results are discussed in light of a recent British study on the interrater reliability of a comparable risk assessment instrument. The results from the present study show similar to better reliability, leading to the conclusion that greater external validity does not negatively influence interrater reliability results.

Criminology & Public Policy 11(1)

2012-02-05T15:02:00.000-05:00

Criminology & Public Policy, February 2012: Volume 11, Issue 1

Editor's Preface

Continuing to Advance Criminology and Public Policy
Thomas G. Blomberg

A Signaling Perspective on Employment-Based Reentry

Editorial Introduction

Prisoner Reentry, Employment, Signaling, and the Better Identification of Desisters
Daniel P. Mears and Julie Mestre

Research Article

A Signaling Perspective on Employment-Based Reentry Programming
Shawn D. Bushway and Robert Apel

Policy Essays

Obeying Signals and Predicting Future Offending
Alex R. Piquero

Signaling and Meta-Analytic Evaluations in the Presence of Latent Offender Groups
Tim Brennan

Elements of Successful Desistance Signaling
Shadd Maruna

Why Work Is Important, and How to Improve the Effectiveness of Correctional Reentry Programs that Target Employment
Edward Latessa

A Signaling Approach to Criminal Desistance through Transitional Jobs Programs
Dan Bloom

Good Science, Good Sense: Making Meaningful Change Happen—A Practitioner's Perspective
Dora Schriro

Criminology 50(1)

2012-02-05T14:58:00.000-05:00

Criminology, February 2012: Volume 50, Issue 1

Editors' Note
D. Wayne Osgood, Rosemary Gartner and Eric P. Baumer

Morality, Markets, and the ASC: 2011 Presidential Address to the American Society of Criminology
Steven F. Messner

This Presidential Address explores the possibilities for fruitful multilevel theorizing in criminology by proposing an integration of insights from situational action theory (SAT), a distinctively micro-level perspective, with insights from institutional anomie theory (IAT), a distinctively macro-level perspective. These perspectives are strategic candidates for integration because morality plays a central role in both. IAT can enrich SAT by identifying indirect causes of crime that operate at the institutional level and by highlighting the impact of the institutional context on the perception-choice process that underlies crime. Such multilevel theorizing can also promote the development of IAT by revealing the “micro-instantiations” of macro-level processes and by simulating further inquiry into the social preconditions for institutional configurations that are conducive to low levels of crime. Finally, drawing on Durkheim's classic work on occupational associations, I point to the potential role of professional associations such as the American Society of Criminology in promoting and sustaining a viable moral order in the advanced capitalist societies.

Deterrence and Moral Persuasion Effects on Corporate Tax Compliance: Findings from a Randomized Controlled Trial
Barak Ariel

Previous studies on tax compliance have focused primarily on the tax-reporting behavior of individuals. This study reports results from a randomized field test of the effects of deterrence and moral persuasion on the tax-reporting behavior of 4,395 corporations in Israel. Two experimental groups received tax letters, one conveying a deterrent message and the other a moral persuasion message. Three types of measures are used to evaluate compliance based on the magnitude of the difference-in-differences of means in 1) gross sales values reported to the authority, 2) tax dollars paid to the authority, and 3) tax deductions. Overall, both deterrence and moral persuasion approaches do not produce statistically significant greater compliance compared with control conditions. These results do not support the ability of a policy of sending tax letters to increase substantively the reporting of true tax liability or tax payments by corporations. However, these results also show that moral persuasion can be counterproductive: Corporations in this experimental group show an increase rather than a decrease in tax deductions, which translates into loss of state revenues. The implications for theory, research, and tax policy are discussed.

Long-Term Crime Desistance and Recidivism Patterns—Evidence from the Essex County Convicted Felon Study
Megan C. Kurlychek, Shawn D. Bushway and Robert Brame

Two conflicting definitions of desistance exist in the criminology literature. The first definition is instantaneous desistance in which an offender simply chooses to end a criminal career instantaneously moving to a zero rate of offending (Blumstein et al., 1986). The second definition views desistance as a process by which the offending rate declines steadily over time to zero or to a point close to zero (Bushway et al., 2001; Laub and Sampson, 2001; Leblanc and Loeber, 1998). In this article, we capitalize on the underlying assumptions of several parametric survival distributions to gain a better understanding of which of these models best describes actual patterns of desistance. All models are examined using 18 years of follow-up data on a cohort of felony convicts in Essex County, NJ. Our analysis leads us to three conclusions. First, some people have already desisted at the beginning of the follow-up period, which is consistent with the notion of “instantaneous desistance.” Second, a three-parameter model that allows for a turning point in the risk of recidivism followed by a long period of decline fits the data best. This conclusion suggests that for those offenders active at the start of the study period, the risk of recidivism is declining over time. However, we also find that a simpler two-group model fits the data almost as well and gains superiority in the later years of follow-up. This last point is particularly relevant as it suggests that the observed gradual decline in the hazard over time is a result of a compositional effect rather than of a pattern of individually declining hazards.

Violence Against Women in U.S. Metropolitan Areas: Changes in Women's Status and Risk, 1980–2004
Min Xie, Karen Heimer and Janet L. Lauritsen

This article examines the impact of women's status on rates of violence against women using longitudinal data from the National Crime Survey and National Crime Victimization Survey for 40 U.S. metropolitan areas for the period 1980 to 2004. Drawing on feminist and routine activities perspectives, we specify hypotheses about the association between women's status and violent victimization, some of which predict different effects depending on whether the offender is a stranger, intimate, or known (nonintimate) other. Consistent with feminist and other perspectives, we find that absolute increases in women's labor force participation, income, and education are associated with decreases in intimate partner violence. Our findings also provide limited support for the backlash hypothesis by showing that increases in female labor participation relative to men are associated with increases in intimate partner violence but not with increases in violence by others. Consistent with routine activities theory, the data also indicate that absolute increases in female labor force participation are associated with increases in victimization by strangers and by known others. Furthermore, we find that absolute increases in female voter participation are associated with decreases in violence for all victim–offender relationship categories. The findings thus show that changes in the status of women have both positive and negative associations with violence victimization, and that comparative analyses of different types of violence are necessary for clarifying the sources of violence against women.

Reconsidering the Relationship Between Perceived Neighborhood Racial Composition and Whites’ Perceptions of Victimization Risk: Do Racial Stereotypes Matter?
Justin T. Pickett, Ted Chiricos, Kristin M. Golden and Marc Gertz

Recent theoretical extensions of threat theory have posited that Whites frequently view Blacks as a criminal threat because of stereotypes linking race and crime. Several studies have found indirect support for this hypothesis and have shown that the percentage of neighborhood residents who are Black is positively associated with the perceptions of victimization risk and fear of crime by White residents. To date, however, little research has investigated whether, as theory would suggest, this relationship is either a consequence of or is contingent on Whites holding stereotypes of Blacks as criminals. In this article, we address this issue by examining whether racial typification of crime mediates or moderates the relationships between static and dynamic measures of neighborhood racial composition and the perceptions of victimization risk by Whites. The results offer mixed support for the threat hypothesis and show that racial typification of crime conditions the relationship between perceived changes in neighborhood racial composition and the perceptions of victimization risk by Whites, but neither explains nor influences the association between static measures of racial composition and the latter. The implications of the findings for threat theory and research are discussed.

Precocious Role Entry as a Mediating Factor in Women's Methamphetamine Use: Implications for Life-Course and Pathways Research
Kristin Carbone-lopez and Jody Miller

Precocious adoption of adult roles and responsibilities at an early age often has been linked to substance abuse and criminal behavior. Yet, much of the existing research suggests that early offending behaviors induce precocious movement into adulthood; less attention has focused on the way in which early adoption of adult roles and responsibilities might itself contribute to the onset of offending. In the following article, we examine the cumulative impact of early transitions into adult roles and responsibilities on the onset of methamphetamine (MA) use. Through inductive analyses of interviews with women methamphetamine users, we identified a range of adult roles and responsibilities that women described as facilitating their initiation into MA use, including family caretaking, motherhood, independent living, and peer and romantic associations with adults. Such findings have theoretical implications for both life-course perspectives and feminist pathways research. They highlight the importance of attending to the timing and sequencing of experiences as well as highlight the gendered nature of these processes.

Generative Explanations of Crime: Using Simulation to Test Criminological Theory
Daniel Birks, Michael Townsley and Anna Stewart

This study demonstrates that computational modeling and, in particular, agent-based modeling (ABM) offers a viable compatriot to traditional experimental methodologies for criminology scholars. ABM can be used as a means to operationalize and test hypothetical mechanisms that offer a potential explanation for commonly observed criminological phenomena. This study tests whether the hypothesized mechanisms of environmental criminology are sufficient to produce several commonly observed characteristics of crime. We present an ABM of residential burglary, simulating a world inhabited by potential targets and offenders who behave according to the theoretical propositions of environmental criminology. A series of simulated experiments examining the impact of these mechanisms on patterns of offending are performed. The outputs of these simulations then are compared with several well-established findings derived from empirical studies of residential burglary, including the spatial concentration of crime, repeat victimization, and the journey to crime curve. The results from this research demonstrate that the propositions of the routine activity approach, rational choice perspective, and crime pattern theory provide a viable generative explanation for several independent characteristics of crime.

Parental Involvement in the Criminal Justice System and the Development of Youth Theft, Marijuana Use, Depression, and Poor Academic Performance
Joseph Murray, Rolf Loeber and Dustin Pardini

Explanations for the fact that crime tends to run in families have focused on the deprived social backgrounds of criminal parents, methods of child-rearing, modeling processes, and genetic mechanisms. However, parental involvement in the criminal justice system itself also might contribute to the intergenerational transmission of crime and have other adverse effects on children's well-being. We investigated the development of youth problem behavior in relation to parental arrest, conviction, and incarceration in the youngest and oldest samples of the Pittsburgh Youth Study, a longitudinal survey of 1,009 inner-city boys. Parental arrest and conviction without incarceration did not predict the development of youth problem behavior. Parental incarceration was not associated with increases in marijuana use, depression, or poor academic performance. However, boys experiencing parental incarceration showed greater increases in theft compared with a control group matched on propensity scores. The association between parental incarceration and youth theft was stronger for White youth than for Black youth. Parenting and peer relations after parental incarceration explained about half of its effects on youth theft. Because the effects of parental incarceration were specific to youth theft, labeling and stigma processes might be particularly important for understanding the consequences of parental incarceration for children.

American Sociological Review 77(1)

2012-01-26T13:45:00.000-05:00

American Sociological Review, February 2012: Volume 77, Issue 1

C-Escalation and D-Escalation: A Theory of the Time-Dynamics of Conflict [2011 Presidential Address]
Randall Collins

Conflict escalates through a series of feedback loops. On the micro level, conflict generates conditions for intense interaction rituals, and internal solidarity fuels external conflict. Perceived atrocities reciprocally increase ideological polarization between opponents, while confrontational tension/fear makes violence incompetent and produces real atrocities. Conflict groups seek allies, drive out neutrals, and mobilize material resources. Both sides in a conflict counter-escalate through the same set of feedbacks. Winning and losing are determined by differences between rates of escalation and by attacks that one-sidedly destroy organizational and material capacity. Conflict de-escalates because both sides fail to find conditions for solidarity, cannot overcome confrontational tension/fear, and exhaust their material resources. Emotional burnout sets in through a time dynamic of explosion, plateau, and dissipation of enthusiasm. Defection of allies opens the way for third-party settlement. When both sides remain stalemated, initial enthusiasm and external polarization give way to emergent internal factions—a victory faction (hard-liners) versus a peace faction (negotiators)—creating new conflict identities. Ideals promoted at the outset of conflict become obstacles to resolution at the end.

Hot Spots and Hot Moments in Scientific Collaborations and Social Movements
John N. Parker and Edward J. Hackett

Emotions are essential but little understood components of research; they catalyze and sustain creative scientific work and fuel the scientific and intellectual social movements (SIMs) that propel scientific change. Adopting a micro-sociological focus, we examine how emotions shape two intellectual processes central to all scientific work: conceiving creative ideas and managing skepticism. We illustrate these processes through a longitudinal study of the Resilience Alliance, a tightly networked coherent group collaborating at the center of a burgeoning scientific social movement in the environmental sciences. We show how emotions structured and were structured by the group’s growth and development, and how socio-emotive processes facilitated the rapid production of highly creative science and helped overcome skepticism by outsiders. Hot spots and hot moments—that is, brief but intense periods of collaboration undertaken in remote and isolated settings—fueled the group’s scientific performance and drove the SIM. Paradoxically, however, the same socio-emotive processes that ignited and sustained creative scientific research also made skepticism more likely to occur and more difficult to manage. Similarly, emotions and social bonding were essential for the group’s growth and development, but increased size and diversity have the potential to erode the affective culture that generated initial successes.

Cultural Reception and Production: The Social Construction of Meaning in Book Clubs
C. Clayton Childress and Noah E. Friedkin

Investigations of the reception of textual objects have alternately emphasized demographically conditioned patterns of evaluation and taste, or the agency of viewers, readers, and listeners in constructing their own cultural interpretations. In the present article, we advance an empirical and formal analysis of the cultural reception of texts in which interpretations of the multiple dimensions on which a text may be evaluated are transmitted and modified within small groups of individuals in face-to-face contact. We contribute an approach in which the intersection of social structure, individual readings, and interactive group processes all may enter into readers’ interpretations of a novel. Our investigation focuses on a set of book clubs for which we collected data on group members’ pre- and post-discussion evaluations of a specific book, and the interpersonal influence networks that were formed during the groups’ discussions. We analyze these data with a multilevel model of individuals nested in groups, which allows us to address the effects of structure and group dynamics on cultural reception in a single analytic framework.

Globalization and Commitment in Corporate Social Responsibility: Cross-National Analyses of Institutional and Political-Economy Effects
Alwyn Lim and Kiyoteru Tsutsui

This article examines why global corporate social responsibility (CSR) frameworks have gained popularity in the past decade, despite their uncertain costs and benefits, and how they affect adherents’ behavior. We focus on the two largest global frameworks—the United Nations Global Compact and the Global Reporting Initiative—to examine patterns of CSR adoption by governments and corporations. Drawing on institutional and political-economy theories, we develop a new analytic framework that focuses on four key environmental factors—global institutional pressure, local receptivity, foreign economic penetration, and national economic system. We propose two arguments about the relationship between stated commitment and subsequent action: decoupling due to lack of capacity and organized hypocrisy due to lack of will. Our cross-national time-series analyses show that global institutional pressure through nongovernmental linkages encourages CSR adoption, but this pressure leads to ceremonial commitment in developed countries and to substantive commitment in developing countries. Moreover, in developed countries, liberal economic policies increase ceremonial commitment, suggesting a pattern of organized hypocrisy whereby corporations in developed countries make discursive commitments without subsequent action. We also find that in developing countries, short-term trade relations exert greater influence on corporate CSR behavior than do long-term investment transactions.

Politics of Organizational Adornment: Lessons from Las Vegas and Beyond
Jeffrey J. Sallaz

Practices of design, although integral to contemporary capitalism, are too often overlooked by economic sociologists. To remedy this, I study a novel technology of organizational adornment: theming. Case data drawn from the global casino industry reveal that theming has diffused worldwide as standard business practice. Close examination, however, reveals divergence across jurisdictions in terms of the meanings that themes convey. These patterns derive from neither successful marketing (i.e., customizing design for consumers) nor symbolic isomorphism (i.e., signaling deference to global norms). In line with the markets-as-politics paradigm, I analyze design as a field-specific conception of control. In this view, themes signal to particular constituencies that one is a certain kind of organization (and not another). The makeup of these signals and audiences—that is, what counts as socially legitimate action—will depend on the political field in which a firm is embedded. Results demonstrate the explanatory power of markets-as-politics and also extend this theory by elucidating the performative mechanisms that bridge economic and political domains.

A Theory of the Self for the Sociology of Morality
Jan E. Stets and Michael J. Carter

Sociology has seen a renewed interest in the study of morality. However, a theory of the self that explains individual variation in moral behavior and emotions is noticeably absent. In this study, we use identity theory to explain this variability. According to identity theory, actors are self-regulating entities whose goal is to verify their identities. An individual’s moral identity—wherever it falls on the moral–immoral continuum—guides behavior, and people experience negative emotions when identity verification does not ensue. Furthermore, the identity verification process occurs within situations that have cultural expectations—that is, framing rules and feeling rules—regarding how individuals should act and feel. These cultural expectations also influence the degree to which people behave morally. We test these assumptions on a sample of more than 350 university students. We investigate whether the moral identity and framing situations in moral terms influences behavior and feelings. Findings reveal that the identity process and framing of situations as moral are significantly associated with moral action and moral emotions of guilt and shame.

Forms of Exchange and Integrative Bonds: Effects of History and Embeddedness
Linda D. Molm, Monica M. Whitham, and David Melamed

In this study we bring together two sociological traditions: experimental research on how different forms of exchange affect attachments to partners and relationships, and organizational research in natural settings on how embeddedness contributes to social capital. We conceptualize embeddedness in terms of the underlying forms of exchange—negotiated and reciprocal—that are associated with economic exchanges and the social relationships in which they are embedded. Building upon the reciprocity theory of social exchange, we test predictions of how relationship histories (i.e., different sequences of the two forms of exchange) and relationship contexts (i.e., embedding one form of exchange within an ongoing relation of the other form) modify effects of each form in isolation. Results from two experiments show that the reciprocal form of exchange, independent of close ties or personal associations, is critical for producing the strong trust and affective bonds typically associated with embedded relationships. A history or context of reciprocal exchange significantly boosts integrative bonds for negotiated exchange, whereas a history or context of negotiated exchange dampens integrative bonds for reciprocal exchange only moderately. The relative effects of history and context vary by actors’ positions of power.

Social Forces 90(1)

2012-01-17T10:26:00.000-05:00

Social Forces, September 2011: Volume 90, Issue 1

Labor Markets

2010 SSS Presidential Address: The Devolution of Risk and the Changing Life Course in the United States
Angela M. O'Rand

Recent patterns of labor exit in late life in the United States are increasingly heterogeneous. This heterogeneity stems from diverse employment careers that are emerging in the workplace where job security is declining. Individuals' structural locations in the labor market expose them to diverse risks for employment and income security at older ages. Among those risks are access to institutional mechanisms for retirement saving and the requirement to assume full responsibility for decisions about retirement savings that involve market risks. The spread of these individualized pressures to invest in retirement has elevated the importance of financial literacy in the 21st century. Late employment careers and patterns of financial literacy are studied in this article using the premier U.S. longitudinal dataset from the National Institute of Aging, the Health and Retirement Study initiated in 1992, which is linked to restricted Social Security earnings records that extend over several decades. These merged data afford the opportunity to observe continuous work histories in this sample from 1981 through 2006 to identify latent trajectories of employment in late life. In addition, a supplementary module attached to the 2004 wave of the HRS provides valuable information on the financial literacy of subgroups. The work-retirement trajectories and financial literacy patterns observed reflect persistent patterns of inequality amplified by modern risks in the labor market.

Labor Market Flexibility and Inequality: The Changing Skill-Based Temporary Employment and Unemployment Risks in Europe
Michael Gebel, Johannes Giesecke

In this article we use comparative micro data for 15 European countries covering the period 1992-2007 to study the impact of labor market reforms on the skill-related individual risk of holding a temporary contract and the risk of being unemployed. Our results indicate no general increase in either of these skill gaps. Using two-step multilevel analyses, we show that in the case of high protection of regular contracts, lowering restrictions on the use of temporary contracts increases the relative temporary employment rates of low-skilled workers. However, this kind of partial deregulation, which has been implemented in the majority of Western European countries, has not translated into decreasing unemployment risks of the low-skilled vis-à-vis medium- and highly-skilled persons.

Education, Labor Markets and the Retreat from Marriage
Kristen Harknett, Arielle Kuperberg

Using data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing study and the Current Population Survey, we find that labor market conditions play a large role in explaining the positive relationship between educational attainment and marriage. Our results suggest that if low-educated parents enjoyed the same, stronger labor market conditions as their more-educated counterparts, then differences in marriage by education would narrow considerably. Better labor markets are positively related to marriage for fathers at all educational levels. In contrast, better labor markets are positively related to marriage for less-educated mothers but not their more-educated counterparts. We discuss the implications of our findings for theories about women's earning power and marriage, the current economic recession and future studies of differences in family structure across education groups.

Expectation and Realities

What Do Children Know About Their Futures: Do Children's Expectations Predict Outcomes in Middle Age?
Björn Halleröd

Are children's statements about their futures related to outcomes in middle age? In 1966 almost 13,500 children ages 12-13 were asked whether they thought their futures would be worse, similar or better as compared to others of their own age. It was shown that children with low, and surprisingly high, expectations did suffer from increased mortality, economic hardship and weak labor market attachment risks in middle age. Although it cannot be ruled out that expectations worked as self-fulfilling prophesies, the analyses showed that expectations essentially reflected facts known to the children (i.e., upbringing conditions and their own abilities and achievements).

Change in the Stratification of Educational Expectations and Their Realization
John R. Reynolds, Monica Kirkpatrick Johnson

What do recent trends toward increasingly ambitious educational expectations and rising college completion rates mean for the stratification of higher education? This article shows that the odds of achieving expectations for a bachelor's degree increased across 15 cohorts of young adults, and to a lesser extent, for expectations to attend graduate/professional school. Gender-related constraints on realizing expectations for a bachelor's degree weakened, while constraints associated with minority racial/ethnic and lower socioeconomic statuses did not. Recent trends in educational stratification were thus a mixture of fulfilled expectations for growing proportions of some young adults, but continued social constraints for many others. Note, these results are derived from the experiences of high school seniors successfully reinterviewed over time, who are advantaged relative to school dropouts and nonrespondents.

Marriage and Divorce

The Happy Homemaker?: Married Women's Well-Being in Cross-National Perspective
Judith Treas, Tanja van der Lippe, Tsui-o ChloeTai

A long-standing debate questions whether homemakers or working wives are happier. Drawing on cross-national data for 28 countries, this research uses multi-level models to provide fresh evidence on this controversy. All things considered, homemakers are slightly happier than wives who work fulltime, but they have no advantage over part-time workers. The work status gap in happiness persists even controlling for family life mediators. Cross-level interactions between work status and macro-level variables suggest that country characteristics - GDP, social spending, women's labor force participation, liberal gender ideology and public child care - ameliorate the disadvantage in happiness for full-time working wives compared to homemakers and part-time workers.

Stigma or Separation?: Understanding the Incarceration-Divorce Relationship
Michael Massoglia, Brianna Remster, Ryan D. King

Prior research suggests a correlation between incarceration and marital dissolution, although questions remain as to why this association exists. Is it the stigma associated with "doing time" that drives couples apart? Or is it simply the duration of physical separation that leads to divorce? This research utilizes data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79) and the Survey of Officer and Enlisted Personnel to shed light on these questions. The findings generally support a separation explanation of the incarceration-divorce relationship. Specifically, the data show that exposure to incarceration has no effect on marital dissolution after duration of incarceration is taken into account. In addition, across both datasets we find that individuals who spend substantial time away from spouses are at higher risk of divorce. The findings point to the importance of spousal separation for understanding the incarceration-marital dissolution relationship. Moreover, and in contrast to settings in which stigma appears quite salient (e.g., labor markets), our results suggest that the shared history and degree of intimacy among married partners may weaken the salience of the stigma of incarceration. Findings are discussed in the context of a burgeoning body of work on the collateral consequences of incarceration and have implications for the growing pool of men in American society returning from prison.

Religion

Substitution or Symbiosis?: Assessing the Relationship between Religious and Secular Giving
Jonathan P. Hill, Brandon Vaidyanathan

Research on philanthropy has not sufficiently examined whether charitable giving to religious causes impinges on giving to secular causes. Examining three waves of national panel data, we find that the relationship between religious and secular giving is generally not of a zero-sum nature; families that increase their religious giving also increase their secular giving. We argue that this finding is best accounted for by a practice theory of social action which emphasizes how religious congregations foster skills and practices related to charitable giving. We also argue that denominational variation in the influence of religious giving is best accounted for by the financial structuring of the denomination. We conclude with the implications for studies of religious causal influence more generally.

Higher Education and Religious Liberalization among Young Adults
Damon Mayrl, Jeremy E. Uecker

Going to college has long been assumed to liberalize students' religious beliefs. Using longitudinal data from the National Study of Youth and Religion, we compare change in the content of religious beliefs of those who do and do not attend college. We find that, in general, college students are no more likely to develop liberal religious beliefs than non-students. In some cases, collegians actually appear more likely to retain their initial beliefs. Change in religious beliefs appears instead to be more strongly associated with network effects. These findings indicate that college's effect on students' religious beliefs is both weak and fragmented, and suggest that the multiplicity of social worlds on college campuses may help to sustain religious beliefs as well as religious practice and commitment.

Gender Roles and Sexual Relationships

The Effect of a Child's Sex on Support for Traditional Gender Roles
Emily Fitzgibbons Shafer, Neil Malhotra

We examine whether sex of child affects parents' beliefs about traditional gender roles. Using an improved methodological approach that explicitly analyzes the natural experiment via differences in differences, we find that having a daughter (vs. having a son) causes men to reduce their support for traditional gender roles, but a female child has no such effect among women, representing less than 4 percent of the size of the standard deviation of the attitude scale.

Social Exchange and the Progression of Sexual Relationships in Emerging Adulthood
Sharon Sassler, Kara Joyner

Research has extensively examined matching on race and other characteristics in cohabitation and marriage, but it has generally disregarded sexual and romantic relationships. Using data from the 2002 National Survey of Family Growth and the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, we examine the tempo of key transitions in the recent relationships of young adults ages 18-24. We focus on how the racial mix of partners in relationships is associated with the timing of sex, cohabitation and marriage. We find evidence that relationships between white men and minority women proceed more rapidly from romance to sexual involvement and from sexual involvement to cohabitation compared to relationships involving other racial combinations. Our findings have important implications for social exchange perspectives on mate selection.

Consequences of Sex Ratios

Too Many Men?: Sex Ratios and Women's Partnering Behavior in China
Katherine Trent, Scott J. South

The relative numbers of women and men are changing dramatically in China, but the consequences of these imbalanced sex ratios have received little empirical attention. We merge data from the Chinese Health and Family Life Survey with community-level data from Chinese censuses to examine the relationship between cohort- and community-specific sex ratios and women's partnering behavior. Consistent with demographic-opportunity theory and sociocultural theory, we find that high sex ratios (indicating more men relative to women) are associated with an increased likelihood that women marry before age 25. However, high sex ratios are also associated with an increased likelihood that women engage in premarital and extramarital sexual relationships and have more than one sexual partner, findings consistent with demographic-opportunity theory but inconsistent with sociocultural theory.

Relationship Formation and Stability in Emerging Adulthood: Do Sex Ratios Matter?
Tara D. Warner, Wendy D. Manning, Peggy C. Giordano, Monica A. Longmore

Research links sex ratios with the likelihood of marriage and divorce. However, whether sex ratios similarly influence precursors to marriage (transitions in and out of dating or cohabiting relationships) is unknown. Utilizing data from the Toledo Adolescent Relationships Study and the 2000 U.S. Census, this study assesses whether sex ratios influence the formation and stability of emerging adults' romantic relationships. Findings show that relationship formation is unaffected by partner availability, yet the presence of partners increases women's odds of cohabiting, decreases men's odds of cohabiting, and increases number of dating partners and cheating among men. It appears that sex ratios influence not only transitions in and out of marriage, but also the process through which individuals search for and evaluate partners prior to marriage.

Culture

Intergenerational Continuity of Taste: Parental and Adolescent Music Preferences
Tom F.M. ter Bogt, Marc J.M.H. Delsing, Maarten van Zalk, Peter G. Christenson, Wim H.J. Meeus

In this article, the continuity in music taste from parents to their children is discussed via a multi-actor design. In our models music preferences of 325 adolescents and both their parents were linked, with parental and adolescent educational level as covariates. Parents' preferences for different types of music that had been popular when they were young were subsumed under the general labels of Pop, Rock and Highbrow. Current adolescent music preferences resolved into Pop, Rock, Highbrow and Dance. Among partners in a couple, tastes were similar; for both generations, education was linked to taste; and parental preferences predicted adolescent music choices. More specifically, the preference of fathers and mothers for Pop was associated with adolescent preferences for Pop and Dance. Parents' preferences for Rock seemed to indicate their daughters would also like Rock music, but not their sons. Parental passion for Highbrow music was associated with Highbrow preferences among their children. It is concluded that preferences for cultural artifacts such as (popular) music show continuity from generation to generation.

Journal of Marriage and Family 74(1)

2012-01-15T15:43:00.000-05:00

Journal of Marriage and Family, February 2012: Volume 74, Issue 1

Marriage

Reexamining the Case for Marriage: Union Formation and Changes in Well-being
Kelly Musick and Larry Bumpass

Marriage and Desistance From Crime: A Consideration of Gene–Environment Correlation
J. C. Barnes and Kevin M. Beaver

Marriage (In)equality: The Perspectives of Adolescents and Emerging Adults With Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Parents
Abbie E. Goldberg and Katherine A. Kuvalanka

Variation in the Relationship Between Education and Marriage: Marriage Market Mismatch?
Kelly Musick, Jennie E. Brand and Dwight Davis

Family Influences on Intermarriage Attitudes: A Sibling Analysis in the Netherlands
Willem Huijnk and Aart C. Liefbroer

I Do … Want to Save: Marriage and Retirement Savings in Young Households
Melissa A. Z. Knoll, Christopher R. Tamborini and Kevin Whitman

Intergenerational Relationships

Life Course Status and Exchanges of Support Between Young Adults and Parents
Freek Bucx, Frits van Wel and Trudie Knijn

Gender and Material Transfers Between Older Parents and Children in Ismailia, Egypt
Kathryn M. Yount, Solveig A. Cunningham, Michal Engelman and Emily M. Agree

“I'm Not Supporting His Kids”: Nonresident Fathers' Contributions Given Mothers' New Fertility
Daniel R. Meyer and Maria Cancian

Neighborhood Contexts, Fathers, and Mexican American Young Adolescents' Internalizing Symptoms
Rebecca M. B. White and Mark W. Roosa

Of General Interest

Adolescents' Pregnancy Intentions, Wantedness, and Regret: Cross-Lagged Relations With Mental Health and Harsh Parenting
Patricia L. East, Nina C. Chien and Jennifer S. Barber

Domestic Work and the Wage Penalty for Motherhood in West Germany
Michael Kühhirt and Volker Ludwig

Mate Availability and Women's Sexual Experiences in China
Katherine Trent and Scott J. South

Familial Reciprocity and Subjective Well-being in Ghana
Ming-Chang Tsai and Dan-Bright S. Dzorgbo

The ANNALS of the AAPSS 639

2011-12-15T23:53:00.000-05:00

The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, January 2012: Volume 639

Gender and Race Inequality in Management: Critical Issues, New Evidence

Introduction: Gender, Race, and Management
Matt L. Huffman

Minority Vulnerability in Privileged Occupations: Why Do African American Financial Advisers Earn Less than Whites in a Large Financial Services Firm?
William T. Bielby

Managing Ambivalent Prejudices: Smart-but-Cold and Warm-but-Dumb Stereotypes
Susan T. Fiske

Power, Influence, and Diversity in Organizations
Jeffrey W. Lucas and Amy R. Baxter

Diversity within Reach: Recruitment versus Hiring in Elite Firms
Lauren A. Rivera

Developmental Practices, Organizational Culture, and Minority Representation in Organizational Leadership: The Case of Partners in Large U.S. Law Firms
Fiona M. Kay and Elizabeth H. Gorman

If You’re So Smart, Why Aren’t You the Boss? Explaining the Persistent Vertical Gender Gap in Management
Heather A. Haveman and Lauren S. Beresford

Women’s Mobility into Upper-Tier Occupations: Do Determinants and Timing Differ by Race?
George Wilson

Money, Benefits, and Power: A Test of the Glass Ceiling and Glass Escalator Hypotheses
Ryan A. Smith

Do Female Top Managers Help Women to Advance? A Panel Study Using EEO-1 Records
Fidan Ana Kurtulus and Donald Tomaskovic-Devey

Minorities in Management: Effects on Income Inequality, Working Conditions, and Subordinate Career Prospects among Men
David Maume

Female Leaders, Organizational Power, and Sex Segregation
Kevin Stainback and Soyoung Kwon

Checking the Pulse of Diversity among Health Care Professionals: An Analysis of West Coast Hospitals
Sheryl L. Skaggs and Julie A. Kmec

The Gender Gap in Executive Compensation: The Role of Female Directors and Chief Executive Officers
Taekjin Shin

Criminology 49(4)

2011-12-13T22:42:00.000-05:00

Criminology, November 2011: Volume 49, Issue 4

Examining the Genetic Underpinnings to Moffitt's Developmental Taxonomy: A Behavioral Genetic Analysis
J.C. Barnes, Kevin M. Beaver and Brian B. Boutwell

In recent years, criminological research has observed an increase in studies examining different offending trajectories. Much of this research has been guided by Moffitt's (1993) developmental taxonomy of life-course persistent offenders, adolescence-limited offenders, and abstainers. Moffitt (1993) argued that the etiologies of these different pathways could be traced to several biosocial factors, including perhaps genetic factors. To date, research has failed to address this possibility directly. The current study addressed this gap in the literature by examining the extent to which genetic factors explain variance in different offending patterns. Analysis of sibling pairs (N = 2,284; ages spanned between 11 and 27 years) drawn from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health) revealed that genetic factors contributed significantly to being classified in each of the different offending patterns. Specifically, genetic factors explained between 56 and 70 percent of the variance in being classified as a life-course persistent offender across different coding strategies, 35 percent of the variance in being classified as an adolescence-limited offender, and 56 percent of the variance in being classified as an abstainer. We discuss the importance of integrating genetics into future studies examining offending trajectories.

Ghettos, Thresholds, and Crime: Does Concentrated Poverty Really Have an Accelerating Increasing Effect on Crime?
John R. Hipp and Daniel K. Yates

Theories make varying predictions regarding the functional form of the relationship between neighborhood poverty and crime rates, ranging from a diminishing positive effect, to a linear positive effect, to an exponentially increasing or even threshold effect. Nonetheless, surprisingly little empirical evidence exists testing this functional form. This study estimates the functional form of the relationship between poverty and various types of serious crime in a sample of census tracts for 25 cities, and it finds that a diminishing positive effect most appropriately characterizes this relationship whether estimating the models nonparametrically or parametrically. Only for the crime of murder does some evidence exist of an accelerating effect, although this occurs in the range of 20 to 40 percent in poverty, with a leveling effect on crime beyond this point of very high poverty. Thus, no evidence is found here in support of the postulate of scholars extending William Julius Wilson's (1987) insight that neighborhoods with very high levels of poverty will experience an exponentially higher rate of crime compared with other neighborhoods.

The Cascading Effects of Adolescent Gang Involvement across the Life Course
Marvin D. Krohn, Jeffrey T. Ward, Terence P. Thornberry, Alan J. Lizotte and Rebekah Chu

The short-run deleterious effects of gang involvement during adolescence have been well researched. However, surprisingly little empirical attention has been devoted to understanding how gang involvement in adolescence influences life chances and criminal behavior in adulthood. Drawing on the life-course perspective, this study argues that gang involvement will lead to precocious transitions that, in turn, will have adverse consequences on the fulfillment of adulthood roles and statuses in the economic and family spheres. Moreover, problems fulfilling these conventional roles are hypothesized then to lead to sustained involvement in criminal behavior in adulthood. Using data from a sample of males from the Rochester Youth Development Study, results from structural equation models support the indirect link between gang membership and noncriminal and criminal outcomes in adulthood. Specifically, gang involvement leads to an increase in the number of precocious transitions experienced that result in both economic hardship and family problems in adulthood. These failures in the economic and family realms, in turn, contribute to involvement in street crime and/or arrest in adulthood. Implications for the criminal desistance process are discussed.

On Ambiguity in Perceptions of Risk: Implications for Criminal Decision Making and Deterrence
Thomas A. Loughran, Raymond Paternoster, Alex R. Piquero and Greg Pogarsky

Deterrence theorists and researchers have argued that the critical dimension of sanction certainty is its level—increasing the certainty of punishment from a lower to a higher level will inhibit criminal conduct. However, the true certainty of punishment is rarely known with much precision. Both Sherman (1990) and Nagin (1998) have suggested that ambiguity about the level of punishment certainty is itself consequential in the decision to commit or refrain from crime. Here, we investigate this proposition. We find some evidence that individuals are “ambiguity averse” for decisions involving losses such as criminal punishments. This finding means that a more ambiguous perceived certainty of punishment is a greater deterrent of some crimes than a nominally equivalent but less ambiguous one. However, this effect depends on how large an individual's risk certainty perception is initially. That is, we find evidence for “boundary effects” (Casey and Scholz, 1991a, 1991b) in which this effect holds for lower probabilities but reverses for higher ones. For higher detection probabilities, individuals become “ambiguity seeking” such that a less ambiguous detection probability has more deterrent value than a nominally equivalent but more ambiguous detection probability. Results are presented from two distinct, but complementary, analysis samples and empirical approaches. These samples include a survey to college students with several hypothetical choice problems and data from the Pathways to Desistance study, a longitudinal investigation of serious adolescent offenders transitioning from adolescence to young adulthood.

Neuropsychological Measures of Executive Function and Antisocial Behavior: A Meta-Analysis
James M. Ogilvie, Anna L. Stewart, Raymond C. K. Chan and David H. K. Shum

A meta-analysis was performed to quantify the association between antisocial behavior (ASB) and performance on neuropsychological executive functioning (EF) measures. This meta-analysis built on Morgan and Lilienfeld's (2000) meta-analysis of the same topic by including recently published studies and by examining a wider range of EF measures. A total of 126 studies involving 14,786 participants were included in the analyses. Antisocial groups performed significantly worse on measures of EF compared with controls, with a grand mean effect size of d= .44. Significant variation occurred in the magnitude of effect sizes calculated across studies. The largest effect sizes were found for criminality (d= .61) and externalizing behavior disorder (d= .54) ASB groups, whereas the smallest effect sizes were found for antisocial personality disorder (d= .19) groups. Larger differences in EF performance were observed across studies involving participants from correctional settings and with comorbid attention deficit and hyperactivity problems. Overall, the results indicated that a robust association exists between ASB and poor EF that held across studies with varied methodological approaches. The methodological issues in the research literature and the implications of the meta-analysis results are discussed, and the directions for future research are proposed.

Associations of Fathers' History of Incarceration with Sons' Delinquency and Arrest Among Black, White, and Hispanic Males in the United States
Michael E. Roettger and Raymond R. Swisher

Nearly 13 percent of young adult men report that their biological father has served time in jail or prison; yet surprisingly little research has examined how a father's incarceration is associated with delinquency and arrest in the contemporary United States. Using a national panel of Black, White, and Hispanic males, this study examines whether experiencing paternal incarceration is associated with increased delinquency in adolescence and young adulthood. We find a positive association with paternal incarceration that is robust to controls for several structural, familial, and adolescent characteristics. Relative to males not experiencing a father's incarceration, our results show that those experiencing a father's incarceration have an increased propensity for delinquency that persists into young adulthood. Using a national probability sample, we also find that a father's incarceration is highly and significantly associated with an increased risk of incurring an adult arrest before 25 years of age. These observed associations are similar across groups of Black, White, and Hispanic males. Taken as a whole, our findings suggest benefits from public policies that focus on male youth “at risk” as a result of having an incarcerated father.

Does the Time Cause the Crime? An Examination of the Relationship Between Time Served and Reoffending in the Netherlands
G. Matthew Snodgrass, Arjan A. J. Blokland, Amelia Haviland, Paul Nieuwbeerta and Daniel S. Nagin

This work uses a sample of Dutch offenders, serving an average of 6.7 months of confinement, to examine the relationship between time served in prison and future criminality. To overcome the selection issues inherent in this examination, this article introduces a new method to the criminological literature that relies on a generalization of the propensity score to control for observed differences in offenders sentenced to different periods of confinement. On the whole, very little evidence of a relationship between time served and future offending was found. In particular, 3-year reconviction rate and the proportion of offenders reconvicted in the next 3 years do not seem to depend on incarceration length. Although a relationship between time served and future sentence length was found, the evidence is modest.

The Effects of Employment on Longitudinal Trajectories of Offending: A Follow-Up of High-Risk Youth from 18 to 32 Years of Age
Victor R. Van Der Geest, Catrien C. J. H. Bijleveld and Arjan A. J. Blokland

This article analyzes the effects of employment on delinquent development from 18 to 32 years of age in 270 high-risk males. Prior to 18 years of age, all men had undergone residential treatment for serious problem behavior in a juvenile justice institution in the Netherlands. We use semiparametric group-based models to investigate the effect of employment on their offending, taking into account static personality and background characteristics. We examine the effect of being employed and further distinguish the effects of job quality (“on the payroll” or being employed through temporary work agencies) and job stability (duration). We find that employment is significantly related to delinquent development among most (active) offender groups. Among high-frequency chronic offenders, only temporary employment is significantly associated with a reduction in offending, whereas among high-frequency desisters, the association is significantly stronger with regular employment. Stability in employment was limited in our sample, and it did not have an additional effect on offending.

Decomposing the Peer Effect on Adolescent Substance Use: Mediation, Nonlinearity, and Differential Nonlinearity
Gregory M. Zimmerman and Bob Edward Vásquez

Although the correlation between peer delinquency and delinquency is one of the most consistently demonstrated findings in delinquency research, researchers have focused primarily on the direct, linear, and additive effects of peers in statistical models, rather than on empirically modeling mediating, nonlinear, and moderating processes that are specified by theory. To address these issues, we measure respondent delinquency and peer delinquency with illegal substance use and then decompose the effect of peer substance use on self-reported substance use. Logistic hierarchical models on a sample of adolescents from the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods (PHDCN) indicate that the effect of peer substance use on self-reported substance use is partially mediated by perceptions of the health risks of substance use. In addition, the direct statistical effect of peers is nonlinear: On average, the peer effect decreases at higher values of peer substance use, which is consistent with a “saturation” effect. We also find that the functional form of the peer substance use/substance use relationship is dependent on the neighborhood context. In neighborhoods with more opportunities for crime, the peer effect is initially strong but decreases as peer substance use increases, which is consistent with a saturation effect. Conversely, in neighborhoods with fewer opportunities for crime, the effect of peers is initially small, but as delinquent peer associations increase, the peer effect increases multiplicatively.

British Journal of Criminology 52(1)

2011-12-08T22:58:00.001-05:00

British Journal of Criminology, January 2012: Volume 52, Issue 1

Using Turning Points to Understand Processes of Change in Offending: Notes from a Swedish Study on Life Courses and Crime
Christoffer Carlsson

Processes of within-individual change in offending and desistance from crime can be very complex, often involving multiple, context-specific processes. But even in a generous reading of much research on turning points, while this is theoretically stated or inferred, it is less often shown or illustrated in empirical cases. I explore processes of change in offending with the help of the concept of ‘turning points’, through life story interviews conducted in the Stockholm Project, trying to make use of the possibilities inherent in qualitative inquiry. I show how life course processes and the turning points that emerge within them are often interdependent on each other, emerging in very context-specific circumstances, and need to be studied and understood and such. Future research areas are suggested.

History And Global Criminology: (Re)Inventing Delinquency in Vietnam
Pamela Cox

How might historical analysis enrich global criminology? More specifically, could histories of European crime contribute to understandings of social change in present-day Asia? How can evidence bases generated through distinct research practices—those used by historians, criminologists and criminal justice consultants—be combined? This article explores these challenges through an analysis of contemporary Vietnamese concerns about youth crime and a critique of local and international policy makers’ efforts to address these. It argues that historically informed analysis can enrich understanding in four key ways. The first is that this kind of analysis suggests how French colonialism and its legacies have shaped Vietnamese criminal justice practice through (in)direct policy transfer. The second is that it can help to defuse current moral panics by locating Vietnam's rising youth crime within a familiar historical pattern. The third is that it can broaden the narrow evidence base available to those searching for youth justice interventions that ‘work’. Finally, a historical view can expand existing spaces for difficult but critical dialogues around human rights in a reforming authoritarian state with its own traumatic past.

Informers and the Transition in Northern Ireland
Ron Dudai

Though criminological literature has paid attention to the use of informers in ordinary law enforcement, there is a research gap regarding their usage in contexts of conflict and political violence. This article explores the social, political and security functions of IRA informers in the transition from conflict in Northern Ireland. Based on that experience, it develops four heuristic models regarding informers that the paper argues may be of direct relevance to other conflicted and transitional societies. These are the informer as folk devil, the informer as rumour, the informer as political manipulator, and the informer as celebrity. All these themes demonstrate the long-term effects of the use of informers during the Northern Ireland conflict—an important finding given the increasing prevalence of the use of informers in a political context.

E-Resistance and Technological In/Security in Everyday Life: The Palestinian Case
Nadera Shalhoub-Kevorkian

This paper analyses the roles played by Information Computer Technologies (ICT) and the internet in areas of conflict, with a specific focus on the Palestinian context in Jerusalem. In particular, it examines the way the politics of everydayness in Jerusalem constructs Palestinians as security threats and, in turn, subjects them to technologized surveillance and spatial control. Examining the effect of the politics of everydayness when juxtaposed with the effect of technologized surveillance on a group of young Palestinian college women from Jerusalem and surrounding areas, the paper considers the ‘double-edged’ nature of new information technologies and the internet. On the one hand, Palestinian women’s narratives demonstrate the emancipatory possibilities of such technologies, in that they allow for and forge spaces of resistance and contestation. On the other hand, women participants indicated that such technologies increased their vulnerability and victimization. Looking closely at the Palestinian case study, it is argued, enables us to shed light on broader issues related to criminology, surveillance and ICT in militarized/occupied areas.

Compstat and The New Penology: A Paradigm Shift in Policing?
James J. Willis and Stephen D. Mastrofski

Using fieldwork data collected at seven police agencies in the United States, this study asks ‘To what extent is the operation of Compstat, a recent and highly touted police management and accountability system, consistent with the new penology?’. Examining a multidimensional reform in an area (police innovation) that has been relatively neglected helps illuminate to what degree Compstat is part of a new trend in criminal justice, and it gives theoretical insight into how the applicability of the new penology's elements may vary across different institutional settings. Our findings suggested support for the new penology at a general level but this weakened significantly upon closer examination. This article then provides a broader theoretical explanation for this looseness of fit with our observations of Compstat's operation.

Using Jurors to Explore Public Attitudes to Sentencing
Kate Warner and Julia Davis

This paper reports the findings of an innovative method of ascertaining public opinion about sentencing—namely using jurors in actual cases to explore both the appropriateness of the sentence imposed in the juror's trial and more general views about sentencing levels. Contrasting images of public opinion emerged: a punitive public in relation to general perceptions of leniency and a more merciful public in relation to individual cases. The extent and reasons for this dichotomy are explored, as are differences in levels of satisfaction for different offence types.

Executions, Imprisonment and Crime in Trinidad and Tobago
David F. Greenberg and Biko Agozino

The effect of death sentences, executions and imprisonment on crime rates in the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago is assessed using annual time series data from 1955 to 2005. Policy implications of the research findings are drawn, and speculations are offered as to the reasons for the recent large increase in homicide rates.

Sentencing for Murder: Exploring Public Knowledge and Public Opinion in England and Wales
Barry Mitchell and Julian V. Roberts

In 1965, it was thought that nothing less than a mandatory sentence of life imprisonment would be an acceptable replacement for the death penalty for murder in England and Wales. It was assumed that anything else would have led to a significant loss of public confidence in the criminal justice system. The authors have recently conducted what is believed to be the first survey in this country that tests this assumption, as well as the extent of public knowledge and belief of the current system for sentencing convicted murderers. The survey casts doubt over the assumption and highlights the misunderstanding and lack of knowledge on which public opinion is based.

Homicide Law Reform in Victoria, Australia: From Provocation to Defensive Homicide and Beyond
Kate Fitz-Gibbon and Sharon Pickering

Homicide law reform surrounding the partial defences to murder currently animates legal stakeholders in Australia and the United Kingdom, particularly in relation to cases of lethal intimate partner violence. In 2005, the Victorian Government implemented a series of homicide law reforms, central to which was the abolition of the partial defence of provocation and the instatement of an offence of defensive homicide. This article, based on a larger qualitative research study with British, Victorian and New South Wales legal stakeholders, explores experiences and perceptions of reforms in Victoria. An analysis of the impact of homicide law reform, using Hudson's principles of discursiveness and reflectiveness as a framework for analysis, reveals some dissonance between the intent and outcomes of these legal reforms. This study concludes that reforms crafted to counter gender bias in the operation of homicide law have produced mixed results for female victims of intimate partner homicide and related case law.

Understanding Cooperation With Police in a Diverse Society
Kristina Murphy and Adrian Cherney

Past research has shown that procedural justice enhances an authority's legitimacy and encourages people to cooperate with them. However, this past research has examined legitimacy by focusing solely on the perceived legitimacy of authorities and has ignored how people may perceive the legitimacy of the laws and rules authorities enforce. This distinction has relevance to the policing of ethnic minority groups who may come from different cultures or countries where distrust in the law and legal institutions is prevalent. Using survey data collected from a random sample of 1,203 Australians, this paper explores how procedural justice and both institutional and legal legitimacy impact on people's willingness to cooperate with police. The findings will be explained using Braithwaite's (2003; 2010) social distancing framework.

Review Article

A Symposium of Reviews of Peculiar Institution: Americas Death Penalty in an Age of Abolition: By David Garland (Oxford University Press, Belknap Press, Harvard University Press, 417pp.) Reviews by Anette Ballinger, David Brown, Pat Carlen, Richard Garside and Magnus Hörnquist

Law & Society Review 45(4)

2011-12-08T18:34:00.001-05:00

Law & Society Review, December 2011: Volume 45, Issue 4

How an Authoritarian Regime in Burma Used Special Courts to Defeat Judicial Independence
Nick Cheesman

Why do authoritarian rulers establish special courts? One view is that they do so to insulate the judiciary from politically oriented cases and allow it continued, albeit limited, independence. In this article I present a contrary case study of an authoritarian regime in Burma that used special courts not to insulate the judiciary but to defeat it. Through comparison to other Asian cases I suggest that the Burmese regime's composition and character better explain its strategy than does extant judicial authority or formal ideology. The regime consisted of war fighters for whom the courts were enemy territory. But absent popular support, the regime's leaders could not embark immediately on a radical project for legal change that might compromise their hold on power. Consequently, they used special courts and other strategies to defeat judicial independence incrementally, until they could displace the professional judiciary and bring the courts fully under executive control.

Political Liberalism and Political Embeddedness: Understanding Politics in the Work of Chinese Criminal Defense Lawyers
Sida Liu and Terence C. Halliday

This article examines the meanings of politics in everyday legal practice using the case of Chinese criminal defense lawyers. Based on 194 in-depth interviews with criminal defense lawyers and other informants in 22 cities across China, we argue that lawyers’ everyday politics have two faces: on the one hand, lawyers potentially can challenge state power, protect citizen rights, and pursue proceduralism in their daily work; on the other hand, they often have to rely on political connections with state agencies to protect themselves and to solve problems in their legal practice. The double meanings of politics—namely, political liberalism and political embeddedness—explain the complex motivations and coping tactics that are frequently found in Chinese lawyers’ everyday work. Our data show that the Chinese criminal defense bar is differentiated along these two meanings of politics into five clusters of lawyers: progressive elites, pragmatic brokers, notable activists, grassroots activists, and routine practitioners. They also suggest that a principal manifestation of political lawyering is not merely short-term mobilization or revolutionary struggle against arbitrary state power, but also an incremental everyday process that often involves sophisticated tactics to manage interests that often conflict.

Going beyond Ascribed Identities: The Importance of Procedural Justice in Airport Security Screening in Israel
Badi Hasisi and David Weisburd

Today, passengers at every major Western airport are subjected to heightened levels of security screening that not only are inconvenient, but also raise important questions about the treatment of members of specific groups that are seen as presenting special security risks. Our study examines the importance of ethnic identity in explaining perceptions of legitimacy in airport screening among a random sample of Jewish and Arab passengers in Israel. The main hypothesis of our study is that ethnicity will play a major role in predicting passengers’ attitudes toward the airport security process. In fact, our survey shows that Israeli Arab passengers are, on average, significantly more negative regarding the legitimacy of security checks than Israeli Jewish passengers are. However, using a multivariate model, we find that ethnicity (Arab versus Jew) disappears as a significant predictor of legitimacy when we included factors of procedural justice and controlled for specific characteristics of the security process. The results of our research indicate that differences in legitimacy perceptions are by and large the result of the processes used in airport screening and not a direct result of ethnic identity. In concluding, we argue that profiling strategies aimed at preventing terrorism, which often include embarrassing public procedures, may actually jeopardize passengers’ trust in airport security. Such security is dependent on the cooperation of citizens, and heightened security procedures focused on particular groups may compromise legitimacy evaluations and thus the cooperation of the public.

Talking Law in Times of Reform: Paradoxes of Legal Entitlement in Cameroon
José-María Muñoz

Based on ethnographic fieldwork carried out between 2003 and 2005, this article examines how legality is constructed in present-day Adamaoua Province, Cameroon. Focusing on an instance of a process locally referred to as la concertation, I analyze how state officials and cattle traders gather to discuss the practical fate of law. As a heightened moment of suspended enforcement, la concertation is productive for both officials, who work out the limits of their respective spheres of authority and imagine a trade based on business norms and practices that severely limit the scope of regulatory action, and traders, who manage to stave off the increased scrutiny that income tax law presupposes, while asserting their concern for the integrity and consistency of the law.

What's So Private about Private Ordering?
Tehila Sagy

Private ordering—i.e., development of extralegal forums and forms of dispute processing by nonhierarchical groups—has preoccupied legal economists for nearly three decades. According to the prevailing analysis, private orders grow in socially-flat market communities without any intervention by the state. This article challenges the received view on two fronts: First, it establishes a causal connection between the development of private orders and a social hierarchy. Second, the article demonstrates that the state often intentionally assumes a proactive role in the creation of these orders. To illustrate this two-pronged theory of private ordering, this article offers a detailed analysis of three well-known cases that have been considered prototypes of private ordering by market communities: the Diamond Dealers Club of New York, the kibbutz in Israel, and ranch owners in Shasta County, California. Finally, the article argues for a need to re-evaluate the feasibility and desirability of private ordering and privatization of law.

Paying for the Past: Redressing the Legacy of Land Dispossession in South Africa
Bernadette Atuahene

The constitution of South Africa mandates equitable redress for individuals and communities evicted from their properties during colonialism and apartheid. The Commission on Restitution of Land Rights' institution-wide assumption is that the financial awards given as equitable redress had no long-term economic impact on recipients because the money is gone and they are still in poverty, whereas if people had received land, the economic impact would have been lasting. Consequently, in recent years, the commission has adopted a policy of using its soft power to force claimants to choose land restitution instead of financial awards. However, the interviews I conducted with financial award recipients show that in 30 percent of the cases, the award did produce a long-term economic benefit because respondents invested in their homes. This empirical evidence suggests that the commission should rethink its recent shift in policy and not totally discount the potential of financial awards to produce a lasting economic benefit.

Multiple Disadvantages: An Empirical Test of Intersectionality Theory in EEO Litigation
Rachel Kahn Best, Lauren B. Edelman, Linda Hamilton Krieger and Scott R. Eliason

A rich theoretical literature describes the disadvantages facing plaintiffs who suffer multiple, or intersecting, axes of discrimination. This article extends extant literature by distinguishing two forms of intersectionality: demographic intersectionality, in which overlapping demographic characteristics produce disadvantages that are more than the sum of their parts, and claim intersectionality, in which plaintiffs who allege discrimination on the basis of intersecting ascriptive characteristics (e.g., race and sex) are unlikely to win their cases. To date, there has been virtually no empirical research on the effects of either type of intersectionality on litigation outcomes. This article addresses that lacuna with an empirical analysis of a representative sample of judicial opinions in equal employment opportunity (EEO) cases in the U.S. federal courts from 1965 through 1999. Using generalized ordered logistic regression and controlling for numerous variables, we find that both intersectional demographic characteristics and legal claims are associated with dramatically reduced odds of plaintiff victory. Strikingly, plaintiffs who make intersectional claims are only half as likely to win their cases as plaintiffs who allege a single basis of discrimination. Our findings support and elaborate predictions about the sociolegal effects of intersectionality.

Justices and Legal Clarity: Analyzing the Complexity of U.S. Supreme Court Opinions
Ryan J. Owens and Justin P. Wedeking

Legal clarity is important to understand and measure because of its connection to the rule of law. We provide the first systematic examination of the clarity of Supreme Court opinions and discover five important results. First, certain justices systematically craft clearer opinions than others. Justices Scalia and Breyer write the clearest opinions, while Justice Ginsburg consistently writes the most complex opinions. Second, ideology does not predict clarity in majority or concurring opinions. Third, all justices write clearer dissents than majority opinions, while minimum winning coalitions produce the clearest majority opinions. Fourth, justices across the board write clearer opinions in criminal procedure cases than in any other issue area. Finally, opinions that formally alter Court precedent render less clear law, potentially leading to a cycle of legal ambiguity.

Sociological Theory 29(4)

2011-12-07T13:02:00.001-05:00

Sociological Theory, December 2011: Volume 29, Issue 4

The Gift Revisited: Marcel Mauss on War, Debt, and the Politics of Reparations
Grégoire Mallard

This article offers a new interpretation of Marcel Mauss's The Gift. It situates Mauss's argument within his broader thinking on the politics of sovereign debt cancellation and the question of German reparations paid to the Allies after World War I. Mauss applauded the policies of reparation and debt cancellation proposed by the French “solidarist” activists who were responsible for inclusion of reparations provisions in the Versailles Treaty. But Mauss was also aware that their legal mobilization could not by itself restore a sense of solidarity among European peoples. Broader systems of political alliance and anthropological norms of gift-making were also necessary. In Mauss's writings on war reparations, as in The Gift, he described the legal, political, and macrostructural dynamics at work in the settlement of reparations and sovereign debts, which he differentiated from the dynamics at work in the speculative logics of financial capitalism. In doing so, Mauss provided insights into the settlement of sovereign debt crises, which still agitate the international community today.

The Jews, the Revolution, and the Old Regime in French Anti-Semitism and Durkheim's Sociology
Chad Alan Goldberg

The relationship between European sociology and European anti-Semitism in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries is investigated through a case study of one sociologist, Émile Durkheim, in a single country, France. Reactionary and radical forms of anti-Semitism are distinguished and contrasted to Durkheim's sociological perspective. Durkheim's remarks about the Jews directly addressed anti-Semitic claims about them, their role in French society, and their relationship to modernity. At the same time, Durkheim was engaged in a reinterpretation of the French Revolution and its legacies that indirectly challenged other tenets of French anti-Semitism. In sum, Durkheim's work contains direct and indirect responses to reactionary and radical forms of anti-Semitism, and together these responses form a coherent alternative vision of the relationship between modernity and the Jews.

The Question of Moral Action: A Formalist Position
Iddo Tavory

This article develops a research position that allows cultural sociologists to compare morality across sociohistorical cases. In order to do so, the article suggests focusing analytic attention on actions that fulfill the following criteria: (a) actions that define the actor as a certain kind of socially recognized person, both within and across fields; (b) actions that actors experience—or that they expect others to perceive—as defining the actor both intersituationally and to a greater extent than other available definitions of self; and (c) actions to which actors either have themselves, or expect others to have, a predictable emotional reaction. Such a position avoids both a realist moral sociology and descriptive-relativism, and provides sociologists with criteria for comparing moral action in different cases while staying attuned to social and historical specificity.

The Eventfulness of Social Reproduction
Adam Moore

The work of William Sewell and Marshall Sahlins has led to a growing interest in recent years in events as a category of analysis and their role in the transformation of social structures. I argue that tying events solely to instances of significant structural transformation entails problematic theoretical assumptions about stability and change and produces a circumscribed field of events, undercutting the goal of developing an “eventful” account of social life. Social continuity is a state that is achieved just as much as are structural transformations, and events may be constitutive of processes of reproduction as well as change.

A Path to Understanding Guanxi in China's Transitional Economy: Variations on Network Behavior
Kuang-chi Chang

Current research on guanxi (Chinese social connections) suffers from conceptual confusion. This article presents a new theoretical framework for understanding guanxi in the face of China's economic and social transformations. Guanxi is viewed as a purposive network behavior that can take different “strategic” forms, such as accessing, bridging, and embedding. Pairing this conceptualization with a social-evolutionary framework, I argue that the emergence and increasing or decreasing prevalence of each form over time result from (1) a combination of factors at three analytical levels—microagency, mesonetwork, and macroinstitutional—and (2) endogenous processes of selection. By focusing on behavioral forms and their evolution, this framework is able to bridge divides in the guanxi literature, provide a foundation for comparative studies of network behavior across societies, and connect the study of guanxi with economic sociology more broadly.

Social Psychology Quarterly 74(4)

2011-12-04T17:09:00.001-05:00

Social Psychology Quarterly, December 2011: Volume 74, Issue 4

Culture, Cooperation, and the General Welfare
Nick Berigan and Kyle Irwin

Job Burnout and Couple Burnout in Dual-earner Couples in the Sandwiched Generation
Ayala Malach Pines, Margaret B. Neal, Leslie B. Hammer, and Tamar Icekson

The Emergence of Embedded Relations and Group Formation in Networks of Competition
Shane R. Thye, Edward J. Lawler, and Jeongkoo Yoon

Managing Emotional Manhood: Fighting and Fostering Fear in Mixed Martial Arts
Christian A. Vaccaro, Douglas P. Schrock, and Janice M. McCabe

American Sociological Review 76(6)

2011-12-01T10:23:00.001-05:00

American Sociological Review, December 2011: Volume 76, Issue 6

Revisiting the Gender Gap in Time-Use Patterns: Multitasking and Well-Being among Mothers and Fathers in Dual-Earner Families
Shira Offer and Barbara Schneider

This study suggests that multitasking constitutes an important source of gender inequality, which can help explain previous findings that mothers feel more burdened and stressed than do fathers even when they have relatively similar workloads. Using data from the 500 Family Study, including surveys and the Experience Sampling Method, the study examines activities parents simultaneously engage in and how they feel when multitasking. We find that mothers spend 10 more hours a week multitasking compared to fathers and that these additional hours are mainly related to time spent on housework and childcare. For mothers, multitasking activities at home and in public are associated with an increase in negative emotions, stress, psychological distress, and work-family conflict. By contrast, fathers’ multitasking at home involves less housework and childcare and is not a negative experience. We also find several similarities by gender. Mothers’ and fathers’ multitasking in the company of a spouse or children are positive experiences, whereas multitasking at work, although associated with an increased sense of productivity, is perceived as a negative experience.

How Mothers and Fathers Share Childcare: A Cross-National Time-Use Comparison
Lyn Craig and Killian Mullan

In most families today, childcare remains divided unequally between fathers and mothers. Scholars argue that persistence of the gendered division of childcare is due to multiple causes, including values about gender and family, disparities in paid work, class, and social context. It is likely that all of these factors interact, but to date researchers have not explored such interactions. To address this gap, we analyze nationally representative time-use data from Australia, Denmark, France, and Italy. These countries have different employment patterns, social and family policies, and cultural attitudes toward parenting and gender equality. Using data from matched married couples, we conduct a cross-national study of mothers’ and fathers’ relative time in childcare, divided along dimensions of task (i.e., routine versus non-routine activities) and co-presence (i.e., caring for children together as a couple versus caring solo). Results show that mothers’ and fathers’ work arrangements and education relate modestly to shares of childcare, and this relationship differs across countries. We find cross-national variation in whether more equal shares result from the behavior of mothers, fathers, or both spouses. Results illustrate the relevance of social context in accentuating or minimizing the impact of individual- and household-level characteristics.

"I Need Help!" Social Class and Children's Help-Seeking in Elementary School
Jessica McCrory Calarco

What role do children play in education and stratification? Are they merely passive recipients of unequal opportunities that schools and parents create for them? Or do they actively shape their own opportunities? Through a longitudinal, ethnographic study of one socioeconomically diverse, public elementary school, I show that children’s social-class backgrounds affect when and how they seek help in the classroom. Compared to their working-class peers, middle-class children request more help from teachers and do so using different strategies. Rather than wait for assistance, they call out or approach teachers directly, even interrupting to make requests. In doing so, middle-class children receive more help from teachers, spend less time waiting, and are better able to complete assignments. By demonstrating these skills and strategies, middle-class children create their own advantages and contribute to inequalities in the classroom. These findings have implications for theories of cultural capital, stratification, and social reproduction.

Social Environment, Genes, and Aggression: Evidence Supporting the Differential Susceptibility Perspective
Ronald L. Simons, Man Kit Lei, Steven R. H. Beach, Gene H. Brody, Robert A. Philibert, and Frederick X. Gibbons

Although gene by environment studies are typically based on the assumption that some individuals possess genetic variants that enhance their vulnerability to environmental adversity, the differential susceptibility perspective posits that these individuals are simply more susceptible to environmental influence than others. An important implication of this perspective is that individuals most vulnerable to adverse social environments are the same ones who reap the most benefit from environmental support. Using longitudinal data from a sample of several hundred African Americans, we found that relatively common variants of the dopamine receptor gene and the serotonin transporter gene interact with social conditions to predict aggression in a manner consonant with the differential susceptibility perspective. When social conditions were adverse, individuals with these genetic variants manifested more aggression than other genotypes, whereas when the environment was favorable they demonstrated less aggression than other genotypes. Furthermore, we found that these genetic variants interact with environmental conditions to foster schemas and emotions consistent with the differential susceptibility perspective and that a latent construct formed by these schemas and emotions mediates the gene by environment interaction on aggression.

The Enduring Association between Education and Mortality: The Role of Widening and Narrowing Disparities
Richard Miech, Fred Pampel, Jinyoung Kim, and Richard G. Rogers

This article examines how educational disparities in mortality emerge, grow, decline, and disappear across causes of death in the United States, and how these changes contribute to the enduring association between education and mortality over time. Focusing on adults age 40 to 64 years, we first examine the extent to which educational disparities in mortality persisted from 1989 to 2007. We then test the fundamental cause prediction that educational disparities in mortality persist, in part, by shifting to new health outcomes over time. We focus on the period from 1999 to 2007, when all causes of death were coded to the same classification system. Results indicate (1) substantial widening and narrowing of educational disparities in mortality across causes of death, (2) almost all causes of death with increasing mortality rates also had widening educational disparities, and (3) the total educational disparity in mortality would be about 25 percent smaller today if not for newly emergent and growing educational disparities since 1999. These results point to the theoretical and policy importance of identifying social forces that cause health disparities to widen over time.

Uncertainty and Fertility in a Generalized AIDS Epidemic
Jenny Trinitapoli and Sara Yeatman

Sociologists widely acknowledge that uncertainty matters for decision making, but they rarely measure it directly. In this article, we demonstrate the importance of theorizing about, measuring, and analyzing uncertainty as experienced by individuals. We adapt a novel probabilistic solicitation technique to measure personal uncertainty about HIV status in a high HIV prevalence area of southern Malawi. Using data from 2,000 young adults (ages 15 to 25 years), we demonstrate that uncertainty about HIV status is widespread and that it expands as young adults assess their proximate and distant futures. In conceptualizing HIV status as something more than sero-status itself, we gain insight into how what individuals know they don’t know influences their lives. Young people who are uncertain about their HIV status express desires to accelerate their childbearing relative to their counterparts who are certain they are uninfected. Our approach and findings show that personal uncertainty is a measurable and meaningful phenomenon that can illuminate much about individuals’ aspirations and behaviors.

Variance Function Regression in Hierarchical Age-Period-Cohort Models: Applications to the Study of Self-Reported Health
Hui Zheng, Yang Yang, and Kenneth C. Land

Two long-standing research problems of interest to sociologists are sources of variations in social inequalities and differential contributions of the temporal dimensions of age, time period, and cohort to variations in social phenomena. Recently, scholars have introduced a model called Variance Function Regression for the study of the former problem, and a model called Hierarchical Age-Period-Cohort regression has been developed for the study of the latter. This article presents an integration of these two models as a means to study the evolution of social inequalities along distinct temporal dimensions. We apply the integrated model to survey data on subjective health status. We find substantial age, period, and cohort effects, as well as gender differences, not only for the conditional mean of self-rated health (i.e., between-group disparities), but also for the variance in this mean (i.e., within-group disparities)—and it is detection of age, period, and cohort variations in the latter disparities that application of the integrated model permits. Net of effects of age and individual-level covariates, in recent decades, cohort differences in conditional means of self-rated health have been less important than period differences that cut across all cohorts. By contrast, cohort differences of variances in these conditional means have dominated period differences. In particular, post-baby boom birth cohorts show significant and increasing levels of within-group disparities. These findings illustrate how the integrated model provides a powerful framework through which to identify and study the evolution of variations in social inequalities across age, period, and cohort temporal dimensions. Accordingly, this model should be broadly applicable to the study of social inequality in many different substantive contexts.

Theory and Society 41(1)

2011-11-27T12:05:00.001-05:00

Theory and Society, January 2012: Volume 41, Issue 1

Theorizing in sociology and social science: turning to the context of discovery
Richard Swedberg

Bourdieu and Adorno: Converging theories of culture and inequality
David Gartman

Manufacturing national attachments: gift-giving, market exchange and the construction of Irish and Zionist diaspora bonds
Dan Lainer-Vos

Uncertainty, the problem of order, and markets: a critique of Beckert, Theory and Society, May 2009
Kurtulu? Gemici

The “social order of markets” approach: a reply to Kurtulu? Gemici
Jens Beckert

Journal of Criminal Justice 39(6)

2011-11-27T12:02:00.001-05:00

Journal of Criminal Justice, November 2011: Volume 39, Issue 6

Where is the Evidence for Racial Profiling?
Matt DeLisi

Community-level impacts of temperature on urban street robbery
Evan T. Sorg, Ralph B. Taylor

► First intra-urban examination into link between temperature and street robbery. ► Examine whether community SES and crime-relevant land use strengthen temperature impact. ► Fixed and random effects of temperature persist controlling for land use and community structure. ► Effects of temperature stronger in higher SES communities. ► Commercial land use/subway stops associated with heightened temperature impact on robbery.

Marked for Death: An Empirical Criminal Careers Analysis of Death Sentences in a Sample of Convicted Male Homicide Offenders
Monic P. Behnken, Jonathan W. Caudill, Mark T. Berg, Chad R. Trulson, Matt DeLisi

► Prior criminal history is importantly related to capital sentencing. ► Prior research has largely ignored linkages between criminal careers and the application of the death penalty. ► Poisson IRR models found that criminal careers were associated with death sentences. ► Variable effects were found for White, African American, and Hispanic males.

Naturally Occurring Social Support in Interventions for Former Prisoners with Substance Use Disorders: Conceptual Framework and Program Model
Carrie Pettus-Davis, Matthew Owen Howard, Amelia Roberts-Lewis, Anna M. Scheyett

► Few programs worldwide actively involve naturally-occurring support providers. ► Programs must address the match of social support needs and support provision. ► Conceptual framework for new practice approaches with former prisoners with SUDs. ► Detailed program model of a novel naturally-occurring social support intervention.

The Convergent and Discriminant Validity of Procedural Justice and Police Legitimacy: An Empirical Test of Core Theoretical Propositions
Jacinta M. Gau

► Confirmatory factor analyses assess procedural justice and police legitimacy. ► Problems with convergent and discriminant validity are found. ► Data-driven scales are constructed. ► Revised scales operate similarly to the originals. ► Need for further theoretical development of procedural justice and police legitimacy.

Testing Social Support Theory: A Multilevel Analysis of Recidivism
Erin A. Orrick, John L. Worrall, Robert G. Morris, Alex R. Piquero, William D. Bales, Xia Wang

► A multi-level test of social support theory focusing on individual-level recidivism. ► We test both public and private sources of social support. ► Social support explains little variation in individual-level recidivism. ► Interaction of support types reduces the likelihood of recidivism for drug offenses.

Evidence on the Effectiveness of Juvenile Court Sanctions
Daniel P. Mears, Joshua C. Cochran, Sarah J. Greenman, Avinash S. Bhati, Mark A. Greenwald

► Substantial heterogeneity in juvenile justice sanctions and interventions exists. ► The external validity of studies that evaluate them remains largely unknown. ► The evidence-base for existing sanctions and interventions is thus limited. ► Practiced-based evidence research can help to identify effective sanctions. ► Better systems for monitoring and assessing sanctions and outcomes are needed.

Does the measurement of peer deviance change the relationship between self-control and deviant behavior? An analysis of friendship pairs
John H. Boman, Chris L. Gibson

► Self-control's effect strength depends on the measurement of peer delinquency ► Self-control is weaker when perceptual measures of peer delinquency are used ► Self-control is stronger when measures of peer delinquency come straight from peers ► True for attitudinal and behavioral self-control ► Perceptions of peer delinquency are distinct from actual peer delinquency

Criminology & Public Policy 10(4)

2011-11-27T11:54:00.001-05:00

Criminology & Public Policy, November 2011: Volume 10, Issue 4

MONTANA EARLY RELEASE PROGRAM

Good in theory
Beth M. Huebner

Too early is too soon
Kevin A. Wright and Jeffrey W. Rosky

What is my left hand doing?
Megan Kurlychek

More than just early release
Susan Turner

The cattle call of reentry
Faye S. Taxman

TRANSITIONAL JOBS PROGRAM

Transitional jobs program Putting employment-based reentry programs into context
Robert Apel

For whom does a transitional jobs program work?
Janine Zweig, Jennifer Yahner and Cindy Redcross

Why the risk and needs principles are relevant to correctional programs (even to employment programs)
Edward Latessa

Deconstructing the risk principle
Gerald G. Gaes and William D. Bales

COMMUNITY-DRIVEN VIOLENCE REDUCTION PROGRAMS

Community-based partnerships and crime prevention
Wesley G. Skogan

Community-driven violence reduction programs
Jeremy M. Wilson and Steven Chermak

Crime policy and informal social control
Megan Ferrier and Jens Ludwig

Comprehensive gang and violence reduction programs
Malcolm W. Klein

Whither streetwork?
David M. Kennedy

Too big to fail
Andrew V. Papachristos

RACIAL DISPARITY IN WAKE OF THE BOOKER/FANFAN DECISION

Racial disparity under the federal sentencing guidelines pre- and post-Booker
Raymond Paternoster

Racial disparity in the wake of the Booker/Fanfan decision
Jeffery T. Ulmer, Michael T. Light and John H. Kramer

Unwarranted disparity in the wake of the Booker/Fanfan decision
Cassia Spohn

Race disparity under advisory guidelines
Ryan W. Scott

Racial disparity in the wake of Booker/Fanfan Making sense of “messy” results and other challenges for sentencing research
Rodney Engen

Judicial discretion in federal sentencing
Celesta A. Albonetti

Psychological Bulletin 137(6)

2011-11-27T11:52:00.001-05:00

Psychological Bulletin, November 2011: Volume 137, Issue 6

Sex Differences in Cooperation: A Meta-Analytic Review of Social Dilemmas
Daniel Balliet, Norman P. Li, Shane J. Macfarlan, Mark Van Vugt

A Biopsychosocial Formulation of Pain Communication
Thomas Hadjistavropoulos, Kenneth D. Craig, Steve Duck, Annmarie Cano, Liesbet Goubert, Philip L. Jackson, Jeffrey S. Mogil, Pierre Rainville, Michael J.L. Sullivan, Amanda C. de C. Williams, Tine Vervoort, Theresa Dever Fitzgerald

A Meta-Analysis of the Effect of Cognitive Bias Modification on Anxiety and Depression
Lauren S. Hallion, Ayelet Meron Ruscio

Psychological Stress in Childhood and Susceptibility to the Chronic Diseases of Aging: Moving Toward a Model of Behavioral and Biological Mechanisms
Gregory E. Miller, Edith Chen, Karen J. Parker

Facial Affect Processing and Depression Susceptibility: Cognitive Biases and Cognitive Neuroscience
Steven L. Bistricky, Rick E. Ingram, Ruth Ann Atchley

Intergroup Consensus/Disagreement in Support of Group-Based Hierarchy: An Examination of Socio-Structural and Psycho-Cultural Factors
I-Ching Lee, Felicia Pratto, Blair T. Johnson

Pain, Nicotine, and Smoking: Research Findings and Mechanistic Considerations
Joseph W. Ditre, Thomas H. Brandon, Emily L. Zale, Mary M. Meagher

Social Problems 58(4)

2011-11-27T11:49:00.001-05:00

Social Problems, November 2011: Volume 58, Issue 4

The Tactical Disruptiveness of Social Movements: Sources of Market and Mediated Disruption in Corporate Boycotts
Brayden G King

This article examines factors associated with social movements’ abilities to disrupt corporate targets. I identify two kinds of disruption: market disruption and mediated disruption. Market disruption deters the ability of the corporate target to effectively accrue and use market resources, while mediated disruption occurs as a tactic communicates a movement's claims about the target through third party intermediaries, like the media, thereby disrupting the target's image and reputation. Using data on corporate boycotts in the United States from 1990 to 2005, the analyses assess the extent to which movement characteristics or target characteristics cause stock price declines of boycotted companies—i.e., market disruption—and the frequency of national media attention given to boycotts—i.e., mediated disruption. The analyses indicate that target characteristics matter more in shaping a boycott's initial market disruption; however, both movement and target characteristics affect mediated disruption. Certain movement characteristics, like social movement organization (SMO) formality, public demonstrations, and celebrity endorsements, enable mediated disruption but have no effect on market disruption. A firm's size makes it vulnerable to both market and mediated disruption, while slack resources help a firm avoid market disruption. A target's reputational ranking initially buffers it from market disruption but increases its vulnerability to mediated disruption. The results indicate that the two kinds of disruption are interrelated. Market disruption has a marginal effect on the intensity of subsequent media coverage and ongoing media attention accentuates further market disruption.

The Politics of Acculturation: Female Genital Cutting and the Challenge of Building Multicultural Democracies
Lisa Wade

Understanding how the idea of culture is mobilized in discursive contests is crucial for both theorizing and building multicultural democracies. To investigate this, I analyze a debate over whether we should relieve the “cultural need” for infibulation among immigrants by offering a “nick” in U.S. hospitals. Using interviews, newspaper coverage, and primary documents, I show that physicians and opponents of the procedure with contrasting models of culture disagreed on whether it represented cultural change. Opponents argued that the “nick” was fairly described as “female genital mutilation” and symbolically identical to more extensive cutting. Using a reified model, they imagined Somalis to be “culture-bound”; the adoption of a “nick” was simply a move from one genital cutting procedure to another. Unable to envision meaningful cultural adaptation, and presupposing the incompatibility of multiculturalism and feminism, they supported forced assimilation. Physicians, drawing on a dynamic model of culture, believed that adoption of the “nick” was meaningful cultural change, but overly idealized their ability to protect Somali girls from both Somali and U.S. patriarchy. Unduly confident, they failed to take oppression seriously, dismissing relevant constituencies and their concerns. Both models, then, influenced the outcome of this cultural conflict by shaping the perceptions of cultural change in problematic ways. Given the high-profile nature of “culture” in contemporary politics, these findings may very well extend to other issues that crystallize the supposed incommensurability of feminism and multiculturalism, as well as the wider debates about how societies can be both diverse and socially just.

Bodily Signs of Academic Success: An Empirical Examination of Tattoos and Grooming
Eric Silver, Stacy Rogers Silver, Sonja Siennick, George Farkas

This study examined the relationship between bodily comportment (tattoos and grooming) and the likelihood of going to college among a national sample of 11,010 adolescents gathered as part of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. Results show that adolescents with tattoos and those judged as poorly groomed by Add Health interviewers were significantly less likely to go to college after graduating from high school. These effects were similar in magnitude to those of other well-known demographic correlates of educational attainment, including family SES and family structure. Results also show that involvement in deviant activities accounted for much of the lower likelihood of going to college among adolescents with tattoos. Similar results were observed across gender, SES, and race groups, with the exception of Asians, for whom the lower likelihood of going to college among those with tattoos was especially pronounced. Overall, this study supports the conclusion that bodily signs constitute an important and relatively untapped source of information for predicting college matriculation among adolescents.

World Income Inequality in the Global Era: New Estimates, 1990-2008
Rob Clark

Several studies have recently found that world income inequality declined during the closing years of the twentieth century. However, these studies feature a number of shortcomings, including the use of outdated national income estimates to measure inequality between countries, as well as sparse data to capture the smaller (but growing) component found within countries. The current study addresses these concerns and offers new estimates of world income inequality based on 151 countries covering 95 percent of the world's population during the 1990–2008 period. Overall, the results are fairly compatible with prior efforts, lending greater confidence to earlier findings. Nevertheless, the results suggest that prior studies covering the 1990s overestimate the decline in between-country inequality, but underestimate the rise in within-country inequality. Consequently, total inequality did not begin to decline substantially until the post-2000 era. After presenting these estimates, I then examine factors associated with income mobility among the 15,100 subnational percentile groups in my data set. The results suggest that (a) the negative effect of inequality is larger than the positive effect of economic growth among the poorest 25 percent of the world's population, and (b) late industrialization has contributed to income convergence between countries, while economic globalization has primarily served to stretch income distributions within nations.

Honest Brokers: The Politics of Expertise in the “Who Lost China?” Debate
Gary Alan Fine, Bin Xu

Complex social systems require knowledge specialists who provide information that political actors rely on to solve policy challenges. Successful advice is unproblematic; more significant is assigning institutional blame in the aftermath of advice considered wrong or harmful, undercutting state security. How do experts, operating within epistemic communities, preserve their reputation in the face of charges of incompetence or malice? Attacks on experts and their sponsors can be an effective form of contentious politics, a wedge to denounce other institutional players. To examine the politics of expertise we analyze the debate in the early 1950s over “Who Lost China?,” the congressional attempt to assign responsibility for the fall of the Nationalist regime to the Communists. Using a “strong case,” we examine political battles over the motives of Professor Owen Lattimore. For epistemic authority an expert must be defined as qualified (having appropriate credentials), influential (providing consequential information), and innocent (demonstrating epistemic neutrality). We focus on two forms of attack: smears (an oppositional presentation of a set of linked claims) and degradation ceremonies (the institutional awarding of stigma). We differentiate these by the critic's links to systems of power. Smears appear when reputational rivals lack power to make their claims stick, while degradation ceremonies operate through dominance within an institutional setting. Policy experts are awarded provisional credibility, but this access to an autonomous realm of knowledge can be countered by opponents with alternate sources of power. Ultimately expertise involves not only knowledge, but also the presentation of a validated self.

Urban Revitalization and Seattle Crime, 1982–2000
Derek A. Kreager, Christopher J. Lyons, Zachary R. Hays

This study examines the relationship between crime and processes of urban revitalization, or gentrification. Drawing on recent urban demography research, we hypothesize that gentrification progressed rapidly in many American cities over the last decade of the twentieth century, and that these changes had implications for area crime rates. Criminological theories hold competing hypotheses for the connections between gentrification and crime, and quantitative studies of this link remain infrequent and limited. Using two measures of gentrification and longitudinal tract-level demographic and crime data for the city of Seattle, we find that many of Seattle's downtown tracts underwent rapid revitalization during the 1990s, and that these areas (1) saw reductions in crime relative to similar tracts that did not gentrify, and (2) were areas with higher-than-average crime at the beginning of the decade. Moreover, using a within-tract longitudinal design, we find that yearly housing investments in the 1980s showed a modest positive association with crime change, while yearly investments in the 1990s showed the opposite pattern. Our findings suggest a curvilinear gentrification-crime relationship, whereby gentrification in its earlier stages is associated with small increases in crime, but gentrification in its more consolidated form is associated with modest crime declines. Implications of these results for criminological theory, urban development, and broader crime patterns are discussed.

Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 48(4)

2011-11-14T18:22:00.001-05:00

Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, November 2011: Volume 48, Issue 4

Revisiting Risk Sensitivity in the Fear of Crime
Jonathan Jackson

This article considers the psychology of risk perception in worry about crime. A survey-based study replicates a long-standing finding that perceptions of the likelihood of criminal victimization predict levels of fear of crime. But perceived control and perceived consequence also play two roles: (a) each predicts perceived likelihood and (b) each moderates the relationship between perceived likelihood and worry about crime. Public perceptions of control and consequence thus drive what Mark Warr defines as “sensitivity to risk.” When individuals perceive crime to be especially serious in its personal impact, and when individuals perceive that they have little personal control over the victimization event occurring, a lower level of perceived likelihood is needed to stimulate worry about crime.

Gender Differences in Risk Factors for Violent Victimization: An Examination of Individual-, Family-, and Community-Level Predictors
Janet L. Lauritsen and Kristin Carbone-Lopez

While gender is a well-known correlate of victimization risk, there has been a tendency to study women’s experiences of violence separately from those of men. As a result, relatively little attention has been paid to the question of whether gender moderates well-known risk factors for violent victimization. In this article, the authors use data from the Area-Identified National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) to examine whether the relationships between individual, family, and neighborhood factors and victimization risk are similar in strength and direction for males and females. The findings show that most risk factors for violent victimization are similar across gender and crime type. In a few important instances, however, risk factors such as neighborhood disadvantage were found to vary some across gender. The implications of these findings for the assumptions about gender differences underlying various theoretical perspectives are discussed.

Problem Behavior in the Middle School Years: An Assessment of the Social Development Model
Christopher J. Sullivan and Paul Hirschfield

The Social Development Model (SDM) is a life course theory that integrates several extant criminological theories to specify the interactive social processes that lead to prosocial and antisocial behavior. Relatively little research has attempted to cross-validate this and other developmental theories of delinquency. The current study assesses the school and family processes that comprise SDM with a sample of Chicago public school students measured over three school years between fifth and eighth grades (n = 2,014). The data draw on student surveys tapping into multiple domains relevant to the explanation of problem behavior. Although overall model fit was marginal, the results of structural equation models largely support the SDM and its constituent paths. The implications for theoretical development and intervention are considered.

Measuring Community Risk and Protective Factors for Adolescent Problem Behaviors: Evidence from a Developing Nation
Edward R. Maguire, William Wells, and Charles M. Katz

Most published research on community risk and protective factors for adolescent problem behaviors has been carried out in developed nations. This article examines community risk and protective factors in a sample of more than 2,500 adolescents in Trinidad and Tobago, a developing Caribbean nation. The authors examine the construct and concurrent validity of five community risk factors and two community protective factors. The findings of this study suggest that existing measures of risk and protective factors have weak construct validity when applied to a sample of youth from Trinidad and Tobago. The revised model specifications this study developed fit the data better than the original models developed in the United States. However, the concurrent validity of both sets of measures is weak. Our findings suggest the need for caution when transplanting measures of risk and protective factors from developed to developing nations.

Theoretical Criminology 15(4)

2011-11-14T18:19:00.001-05:00

Theoretical Criminology, November 2011: Volume 15, Issue 4

Crime prevention goes abroad: Policy transfer and policing in post-apartheid South Africa

Jonny Steinberg

Loader and Walker have warned that ideas about order ‘always travel with culturally specific baggage’, ‘never adapt easily to [their] new environment’ and thus ‘always risk hubristic failure’. My aim is to offer an exemplar of this hubristic failure. I chart the infusion of Anglo-American ideas of crime prevention into the policing institutions of South Africa’s young democracy. These ideas bore a bloated conception of urban security which inadvertently stimulated, and thus helped to keep alive, a similarly bloated conception of security that lay at the heart of apartheid thinking. Dressed in the garb of crime prevention, a modified version of the paramilitary policing practices that flourished under apartheid returned to the streets of democratic South Africa.

Prepression: The actuarial archive and new technologies of security
Willem Schinkel

This article argues, on the basis of a discussion of current Dutch databases, that we are witnessing what can be called prepression. This combination of prevention and repression entails the archiving of risky individuals and their selection for ‘early intervention’. Such databases can be seen in light of their work of social imagination: they visualize the constitutive outside of ‘society’, and in so doing function as part of a governing imaginary. Crucial in contemporary prepression is the archive, which is interpreted not as a recording but also as a recoding of the past, that is, as an ordering principle in the fields of law and order, social work and health. The cases on the basis of which this article develops a preliminary sketch of a theory of prepression are drawn from recent developments concerning actuarial archiving systems in the Netherlands.

Crime behind the glass: Exploring the sublime in crime at the Vienna Kriminalmuseum
Laura Huey

Scholars have noted an ever-increasing growth in the number of crime-themed leisure and tourism venues. Within this article I examine one such site: the Vienna Kriminalmuseum. An analysis of this site provides an opportunity to explore how the ‘sublime in crime’ is presented to the Museum’s visitors in ways that intentionally merge the macabre with the educational. This presentation says much, I suggest, not only about the Museum’s goals, but about its intended audience, an audience seeking to be exposed to elements of the darkest side of humanity, now sanitized for wider public consumption through the union of educational and entertainment strategies.

Penal tourism in Argentina: Bridging Foucauldian and neo-Durkheimian perspectives
Michael Welch and Melissa Macuare

In theoretical criminology, scholars continue to debate the significance of power-based perspectives in the face of semiotics and vice versa. Among the problems created by ‘taking sides’ is the missed opportunity that would allow for the synthesis of instrumentalist and culturalist work. Recognizing the merits of both perspectives, this project explores penal tourism in Argentina in ways that reveal key forms of state power alongside important cultural signs, symbols, and messages. In particular, our case study of the Argentine Penitentiary Museum in Buenos Aires delivers a thick description of its collection so as to bridge Foucault’s insights on systematic penal regimes with Durkheim’s socio-religious concepts: pollution; the sacred; the mythological; and the cult of the individual.

Punishment and the body in the old and new South Africa: A story of punitivist humanism
Gail Super

This paper analyses official discourse about punishment in South Africa, from 1976 to 2004. It frames punishment as a form of governance which is both connected to, and separate from, the Anglo/American/European examples that are generally referred to in the literature. The shift from corporal and capital punishment to the use of long-term imprisonment is discussed within a framework that emphasizes how both the apartheid and post-apartheid state explained and attempted to justify punishment policies during times of great upheaval and change. Penality under apartheid was a complex entity, and the punishment regime under the Nationalist Party government was starting to reform during the period analyzed. This liberalization was accompanied by a lengthening of terms of imprisonment, a trend that has continued in the ‘new’ South Africa. The prison in post-apartheid South Africa speaks to both humanism and punitivism. This duality has contributed to its enduring nature and endless capacity to reform.

Neutralizing sexual victimization: A typology of victims non-reporting accounts
Karen G. Weiss

Drawing its examples from National Crime Victimization Survey narratives, this article proposes a theoretical framework for elucidating victims’ non-reporting accounts, the rationales that victims use to justify why they do not report sexual victimization to police. The framework delineates four account types—denying criminal intent, denying serious injury, denying victim innocence, and rejecting a victim identity—that each problematize one or more critical elements of real and reportable crime. By delineating victims’ accounts of unwanted sexual incidents, along with each account’s distinct neutralization strategies, non-reporting rationales, and cognitive benefits, this article contributes theoretically to discourses on unreported and unacknowledged rape, as well as to a broader literature on non-reported crime.

Sociological Methodology 41

2011-11-14T18:11:00.001-05:00

Sociological Methodology, 2011: Volume 41

Ethnographical Research

How Not To Lie With Ethnography
Mitchell Duneier

Inference And Bias

Dealing With Extreme Response Style In Cross-Cultural Research: A Restricted Latent Class Factor Analysis Approach
Meike Morren, John P.T.M. Gelissen And Jeroen K. Vermunt

Accounting For Misclassification Bias In Binary Outcome Measures Of Illness: The Case Of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder In Male Veterans
Elizabeth Savoca

Inferring Logit Models From Empirical Margins Using Proxy Data
Ju-Sung Lee And Kathleen M. Carley

Biases Of Parameter Estimates In Misspecified Structural Equation Models
Stanislav Kolenikov

Comparisons And Differences

Entropy-Based Segregation Indices
Ricardo Mora And Javier Ruiz-Castillo

Regression Analysis

A Transition-Oriented Approach To Optimal Matching
Torsten Biemann

Decomposition Of Inequality Among Groups By Counterfactual Modeling: An Analysis Of The Gender Wage Gap In Japan
Kazuo Yamaguchi

Social Network Analysis

Bayesian Meta-Analysis Of Social Network Data Via Conditional Uniform Graph Quantiles
Carter T. Butts

Bernoulli Graph Bounds For General Random Graphs
Carter T. Butts

Commentaries

Comment: On Respondent-Driven Sampling And Snowball Sampling In Hard-To-Reach Populations And Snowball Sampling Not In Hard-To-Reach Populations
Leo A. Goodman

Comment: Snowball Versus Respondent-Driven Sampling
Douglas D. Heckathorn

Comment: On The Concept Of Snowball Sampling
Mark S. Handcock And Krista J. Gile

American Journal of Sociology 117(3)

2011-11-08T15:38:00.002-05:00

American Journal of Sociology, November 2011: Volume 117, Issue 3

“737-Cabriolet”: The Limits of Knowledge and the Sociology of Inevitable Failure
John Downer

This article looks at the fateful 1988 fuselage failure of Aloha Airlines Flight 243 to suggest and illustrate a new perspective on the sociology of technological accidents. Drawing on core insights from the sociology of scientific knowledge, it highlights, and then challenges, a fundamental principle underlying our understanding of technological risk: a realist epistemology that tacitly assumes that technological knowledge is objectively knowable and that “failures” always connote “errors” that are, in principle, foreseeable. From here, it suggests a new conceptual tool by proposing a novel category of man-made calamity: the “epistemic accident,” grounded in a constructivist understanding of knowledge. It concludes by exploring the implications of epistemic accidents and a constructivist approach to failure, sketching their relationship to broader issues concerning technology and society, and reexamining conventional ideas about technology, accountability, and governance

Is a College Degree Still the Great Equalizer? Intergenerational Mobility across Levels of Schooling in the United States
Florencia Torche

A quarter century ago, an important finding in stratification research showed that the intergenerational occupational association was much weaker among college graduates than among those with lower levels of education. This article provides a comprehensive assessment of the “meritocratic power” of a college degree. Drawing on five longitudinal data sets, the author analyzes intergenerational mobility in terms of class, occupational status, earnings, and household income for men and women. Findings indicate that the intergenerational association is strong among those with low educational attainment; it weakens or disappears among bachelor’s degree holders but reemerges among those with advanced degrees, leading to a U-shaped pattern of parental influence. Educational and labor market factors explain these differences in mobility: parental resources influence college selectivity, field of study, and earnings more strongly for advanced-degree holders than for those with a bachelor’s degree alone.

Educational Assortative Mating and Earnings Inequality in the United States
Richard Breen, Leire Salazar

This article investigates how changes in educational assortative mating affected the growth in earnings inequality among households in the United States between the late 1970s and early 2000s. The authors find that these changes had a small, negative effect on inequality: there would have been more inequality in earnings in the early 2000s if educational assortative mating patterns had remained as they were in the 1970s. Given the educational distribution of men and women in the United States, educational assortative mating can have only a weak impact on inequality, and educational sorting among partners is a poor proxy for sorting on earnings.

Practicing What They Preach? Lynching and Religion in the American South, 1890–1929
Amy Kate Bailey, Karen A. Snedker

This project employs a moral solidarity framework to explore the relationship between organized religion and lynching in the American South. The authors ask whether a county’s religious composition affected its rate of lynching, net of demographic and economic controls. The authors find evidence for the solidarity thesis, using three religious metrics. First, their findings show that counties with greater religious diversity experienced more lynching, supporting the notion that a pluralistic religious marketplace with competing religious denominations weakened the bonds of a cohesive moral community and might have enhanced white racial solidarity. Second, counties in which a larger share of the black population worshipped in churches controlled by blacks experienced higher levels of racial violence, indicating a threat to intergroup racially based solidarity. Finally, the authors find a lower incidence of lynching in counties where a larger share of church members belonged to racially mixed denominations, suggesting that cross-racial solidarity served to reduce racial violence.

When Organizations Rule: Judicial Deference to Institutionalized Employment Structures
Lauren B. Edelman, Linda H. Krieger, Scott R. Eliason, Catherine R. Albiston, Virginia Mellema

This article offers a theoretical and empirical analysis of legal endogeneity—a powerful process through which institutionalized organizational structures influence judicial conceptions of compliance with antidiscrimination law. It finds that organizational structures (e.g., grievance and evaluation procedures, antiharassment policies) become symbolic indicators of rational governance and compliance with antidiscrimination laws, first within organizations, but eventually in the judicial realm as well. Lawyers and judges tend to infer nondiscrimination from the mere presence of those structures. Judges increasingly defer to organizational structures in their opinions, ultimately inferring nondiscrimination from their presence. Legal endogeneity theory is tested by analyzing a random sample of 1,024 federal employment discrimination opinions (1965–99) and is found to have increased over time. Judicial deference is most likely when plaintiffs lack clout and when the legal theories require judges to rule on unobservable organizational attributes. The authors argue that legal endogeneity weakens the impact of law when organizational structures are viewed as indicators of legal compliance even in the face of discriminatory actions.

Causality and Statistical Learning
Andrew Gelman

Reviewed work(s):
Counterfactuals and Causal Inference: Methods and Principles for Social Research. By Stephen L. Morgan and Christopher Winship. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007. Pp. xiii+319.
Causality: Models, Reasoning, and Inference, 2d ed. By Judea Pearl. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009. Pp. xix+464.
Causal Models: How People Think About the World and Its Alternatives. By Steven A. Sloman. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005. Pp. xi+212.

Journal of Quantitative Criminology 27(4)

2011-11-07T10:39:00.000-05:00

Journal of Quantitative Criminology, December 2011: Volume 27, Issue 4

Static and Dynamic Indicators of Minority Threat in Sentencing Outcomes: A Multi-Level Analysis
Cyndy Caravelis, Ted Chiricos and William Bales

Designation as a “Habitual Offender” is an enhanced form of punishment which unlike, “Three Strikes” or “10-20-Life,” is entirely discretionary. We use Hierarchical Generalized Linear Modeling to assess the direct effects of race and Latino ethnicity on the designation of Habitual Offenders as well as the effect of both static and dynamic indicators of racial and ethnic threat on those outcomes. Our data include 26,740 adults sentenced to prison in Florida between 2002 and 2004 who were statutorily eligible to be sentenced as Habitual. The odds of receiving this designation are significantly increased for black and Latino defendants as compared to whites, though race and ethnicity effects vary substantially by crime type, being strongest for drug offenses and negligible for violent crimes. Static measures of group level threat (% black and % Latino) have no cross-level effect on sentencing by race or Latino ethnicity. However, increasing black population over time increases the odds of being sentenced as Habitual for both black and Latino defendants. Increasing Latino population increases the odds of Habitual Offender sentencing for Latinos, but decreases it for blacks. The prospect of engaging dynamic as opposed to static measures of threat in future criminal justice and other social control research is discussed.

Examining the Neighborhood Context of the Violent Offending-Victimization Relationship: A Prospective Investigation
Mark T. Berg and Rolf Loeber

The persistent link between offending and victimization is one of the most robust empirical findings in criminological research. Despite important efforts to isolate the sources of this phenomenon, it is not fully understood. Much attention has been paid to the role of individual-level factors; however, few studies have systematically integrated neighborhood conditions. Using prospective data from the Pittsburgh Youth Study the current research examines a set of hypotheses regarding the interplay of neighborhood structural conditions and the victim-offender overlap. A multilevel analytical technique is applied to the data which purges time-varying covariates of all time-stable unobserved heterogeneity. Results indicate that the relationship between offending and victimization is pronounced in disadvantaged neighborhoods, while offending is not significantly related to victimization risk in contexts marked by lower levels of disadvantage. The implications of the results for theory are discussed, along with recommendations for future research.

Racial Disparity in Police Stop and Searches in England and Wales
Vani K. Borooah

Data published by the United Kingdom’s Ministry for Justice clearly shows that, compared to persons who were White, members of racial minorities in England, particularly Blacks, were far more likely to be stopped and searched by the police. The question is whether such racial disparity in stops and searches could be justified by racial disparities in offending? Or whether the disparity in stop and searches exceeded the disparity in offending? This paper proposes a method for measuring the amount of excess in racial disparity in police stop and searches. Using the most recently published Ministry of Justice data (for 2007/08) for Police Areas in England and Wales it concludes that while in several Areas there was no excess to racial disparity in police stop and searches, there was, on the basis of the methodology proposed in the paper, evidence of such excess in some Police Areas of England and Wales.

Structural Determinants of Homicide: The Big Three
Maria Tcherni

Building upon and expanding the previous research into structural determinants of homicide, particularly the work of Land, McCall, and Cohen (1990), the current paper introduces a multilevel theoretical framework that outlines the influences of three major structural forces on homicidal violence. The Big Three are poverty/low education, racial composition, and the disruption of family structure. These three factors exert their effects on violence at the following levels: neighborhood/community level, family/social interpersonal level, and individual level. It is shown algebraically how individual-level and aggregate-level effects contribute to the size of regression coefficients in aggregate-level analyses. In the empirical part of the study, the presented theoretical model is tested using county-level data to estimate separate effects of each of the Big Three factors on homicide at two time periods: 1950–1960 and 1995–2005 (chosen to be as far removed from one another as the availability of data allows). All major variables typically used in homicide research are included as statistical controls. The results of analyses show that the effects of the three major structural forces—poverty/low education, race, and divorce rates—on homicide rates in US counties are remarkably strong. Moreover, the effect sizes of each of the Big Three are found to be identical for both time periods despite profound changes in the economic and social situation in the United States over the past half-century. This remarkable stability in the effect sizes implies the stability of homicidal violence in response to certain structural conditions.

Estimating the Impact of Classification Error on the “Statistical Accuracy” of Uniform Crime Reports
James J. Nolan, Stephen M. Haas and Jessica S. Napier

This paper offers a methodological approach for estimating classification error in police records then determining the statistical accuracy of official crime statistics reported to the Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) program. Classification error refers to the mistakes in UCR statistics caused by the misclassification of criminal offenses, for example recording a crime as aggravated assault when it should have been simple assault. Statistical accuracy refers to the estimated true total of each crime type based on cancelling effect of undercounting and overcounting crime due to misclassifications. The population for the study consists of the 12 largest municipal police agencies in a mostly rural southeastern state. Based on a sample of 2,663 records, the authors illustrate the impact of classification error on the total population of reported offenses. Misclassifications result in overcounting and undercounting certain crimes. The true number of each crime type, as well as the aggregate Index Crime, Violent Crime, and Property Crime totals, is estimated based the evaluation of offsetting misclassifications. The findings show that certain UCR crime categories are greatly undercounted while others are overcounted. The index crime and violent crime totals are also significantly undercounted; however, when simple assault is added to the index and violent crime categories, the error in these aggregate numbers is reduced to less than 1%. The results provide a benchmark for assessing the statistical accuracy of the UCR data.

Spatializing the Social Networks of Gangs to Explore Patterns of Violence
George E. Tita and Steven M. Radil

The majority of spatial studies of crime employ an inductive approach in both the modeling and interpretation of the mechanisms of influence thought to be responsible for the patterning of crime in space and time. In such studies, the spatial weights matrix is specified without regard to the theorized mechanisms of influence between the units of analysis. Recently, a more deductive approach has begun to gain traction in which the theory of influence is used to model influence in geographic space. Using data from Los Angeles, we model the spatial distribution of gang violence by considering both the relative location of the gangs in space while simultaneously capturing their position within an enmity network of gang rivalries. We find that the spatial distribution of gang violence is more strongly associated with the socio-spatial dimensions of gang rivalries than it is with adjacency-based measures of spatial autocorrelation.

A Comparison of Logistic Regression, Classification and Regression Tree, and Neural Networks Models in Predicting Violent Re-Offending
Yuan Y. Liu, Min Yang, Malcolm Ramsay, Xiao S. Li and Jeremy W. Coid

Previous studies that have compared logistic regression (LR), classification and regression tree (CART), and neural networks (NNs) models for their predictive validity have shown inconsistent results in demonstrating superiority of any one model. The three models were tested in a prospective sample of 1225 UK male prisoners followed up for a mean of 3.31 years after release. Items in a widely-used risk assessment instrument (the Historical, Clinical, Risk Management-20, or HCR-20) were used as predictors and violent reconvictions as outcome. Multi-validation procedure was used to reduce sampling error in reporting the predictive accuracy. The low base rate was controlled by using different measures in the three models to minimize prediction error and achieve a more balanced classification. Overall accuracy of the three models varied between 0.59 and 0.67, with an overall AUC range of 0.65–0.72. Although the performance of NNs was slightly better than that of LR and CART models, it did not demonstrate a significant improvement.

British Journal of Criminology 51(6)

2011-10-23T09:12:00.001-04:00

British Journal of Criminology, Volume 51, Issue 6

Untangling the Relationship Between Fear of Crime and Perceptions of Disorder: Evidence from a Longitudinal Study of Young People in England and Wales
Ian Brunton-Smith

Over the last 40 years and more, a growing number of researchers have explored the links between perceptions of disorder and fear of criminal victimization. Many of these studies have posited a causal link from perceptions of disorder to subsequent fear, with disorderly cues in the environment signalling to individuals that an area is in decline and unable to control deviant behaviour. But a growing body of evidence approaches this question from the opposite direction, emphasizing the socially constructed nature of perceived disorder and the potential role that fear may have in giving meaning to ambiguous disorderly cues present in the environment. This conceptual uncertainty stems, in part, from the reliance of existing research on cross-sectional data, making it impossible to say whether it is perceptions of disorder that shape fear or whether fear drives perceived disorder. A cross-lagged panel design is applied to longitudinal data from the Offending Crime and Justice Survey to more carefully explore the causal links between fear and disorder.

The Soldier as Victim: Peering through the Looking Glass
Ross McGarry and Sandra Walklate

Despite a rising criminological interest in the numbers of British veterans in the criminal justice system and the criminogenic context of the Iraq conflict, a concern to understand the experiences of modern soldiers is largely hidden from the criminological and victimological gaze. This paper addresses this issue by presenting data from interviews with British military veterans and considers their ‘unknowable’ experiences of war in a framework of victimological otherness, including experiencing, perpetrating and witnessing conflict. Given the masculine connotations associated with ‘soldiering’ and presumptions of vulnerability conjured by the word ‘victim’, imagining the ‘soldier as victim’ is challenging. Here, we offer an insight into this ‘victimhood’ by analysing the ‘common place’ experiences of British soldiers during the conflict in Iraq.

War Crimes In The 2008 Georgia–Russia Conflict
Christopher W. Mullins

Little has been written within empirically driven criminology about crimes committed during the conduct of warfare. The laws of war are over a century old and the current Geneva Conventions more than 50. This paper addresses this gap by providing a partial account of the nature and distribution of violations of the Geneva Conventions during the August 2008 Georgia–Russia conflict and during the post-conflict occupation period. Drawing on numerous investigations by multiple parties, it establishes that war crimes were committed by all belligerent parties. Yet, not all parties committed the same types or same number of crimes. These distribution factors are examined in light of international transnational controls and the motivations each party brought to the conflict.

Perceived Group Threat and Punitive Attitudes in Russia and The United States
Darren Wheelock, Olga Semukhina, and Nicolai N. Demidov

Extant research has examined the link between the group threat thesis and different forms of social control including the public desire to punish criminals. The group threat thesis posits that crime control, and public support for it, stems from conflict and competition between groups over scarce social resources such as jobs and education. Groups in power utilize crime control to manage and suppress groups that pose a threat to these resources. This perspective has been important in shaping criminological understandings of punishment; however, much of it has focused solely on inter-group conflict in the United States and Western Europe. This study expands the group threat lens by testing whether dynamics of group conflict and threat fuel the desire to punish in Russia. We find that, similarly to the United States and Western Europe, perceived threat is an important predictor of the desire to punish for Russian respondents. The findings draw attention to the need for further investigation of group threat theory in a comparative context.

I had a Hard Life: Exploring Childhood Adversity in the Shaping of Masculinities among Men Who Killed an Intimate Partner in South Africa
Shanaaz Mathews, Rachel Jewkes, and Naeemah Abrahams

South Africa has a female homicide rate six times the global average, with half of murdered women killed by an intimate partner. The gendered nature of such murders indicates the need to explore the masculinities of men who kill an intimate partner. This paper explores the childhoods of 20 men who were incarcerated for such murders and draws on 74 in-depth interviews with these men, family and friends. This study found that traumatic childhood experiences increases emotional vulnerability, resulting in their feeling unloved, insecure and powerless. We argue that they adopt violent forms of masculinities to achieve respect and power. Yet, there is no linear relationship between traumatic childhood experiences and adopting violent masculinities.

Regulating Drug Dependency in China: The 2008 PRC Drug Prohibition Law
Sarah Biddulph and Chuanyu Xie

This paper examines the reforms to powers of Chinese state agencies to deal with drug-dependent people introduced by the PRC Drug Prohibition Law 2008. Whilst professing to take a more humane approach to problems of drug dependency, the law retains a police-centred approach to regulation. The law provides for a set of interconnected police powers that include: registration; imposition of a three year term of community rehabilitation; administrative detention for two years; and the possibility of a further supervised rehabilitation order upon release. In the absence of detailed implementing regulations, this paper examines the different ways local agencies are interpreting and implementing these powers.

Sentencing Guidelines and Judicial Discretion: Evolution of the Duty of Courts to Comply in England and Wales
Julian V. Roberts

Sentencing guideline schemes require courts to sentence within the guidelines—or give reasons why a different sentence is appropriate. Most US schemes require courts to find ‘substantial and compelling’ grounds for departing from the guidelines. The duty of a court with respect to sentencing guidelines in England and Wales changed significantly in 2010 as a result of the Coroners and Justice Act 2009. This article explores the evolution of the duty of courts to comply with the English sentencing guidelines. As will be seen, the language of the duty of a court provision has become more robust: henceforth, courts ‘must follow’ definitive guidelines rather than merely ‘have regard to’ them. At the same time, the government significantly increased the range of sentence within which courts must sentence. The essay provides some international context, drawing upon experiences in the jurisdiction in which guidelines have been longest in existence, and explores the limited compliance statistics collected in England and Wales to date. The consequences of the latest changes for sentencing in England and Wales are discussed.

Juvenile Victims in Restorative Justice: Findings from the Reintegrative Shaming Experiments
Tali Gal and Shomron Moyal

Using a randomized experimental design the Reintegrative Shaming Experiments (RISE) showed that restorative justice (RJ) is significantly more satisfying than court for both victims and offenders. It did not, however, explore the effect of victims’ age and baseline differences in the level of harm caused to victims of different crimes on outcome variables. The current study uses a two-factor ANCOVA to address these questions. Main findings suggest that whereas RJ made adults more satisfied than courts (Cohen's d = 0.50), conference juvenile victims were less satisfied than court juvenile victims (Cohen's d = –0.28). Moreover, more serious harm is associated with decreased process satisfaction for all victims. A complementary qualitative analysis identifies adult domination and insensitivity to youth's special needs as recurring themes.

Mind The Double Gap: Using Multivariate Multilevel Modelling to Investigate Public Perceptions of Crime Trends
John Mohan, Liz Twigg, and Joanna Taylor

This paper uses multivariate multilevel models with data from the British Crime Survey to investigate individual and neighbourhood influences on perceptions of local and national crime trends. In response to debates about the negative consequences of immigration and ethnic diversity, we specifically investigate the influence of ethnic heterogeneity on such perceptions. Results indicate that a person's socio-demographic background and their newspaper readership have the strongest association with perceptions of national trends whilst the strongest association with pessimistic views on localized crime is whether the individual has been a recent crime victim. Results suggest no negative effects for ethnic diversity. Moreover, the findings indicate that living in a mixed neighbourhood is associated with a reduced likelihood of perceiving rising levels of national crime.

Restating the case for the suspect community: A Reply to Greer
Christina Pantazis and Simon Pemberton

In 2009, in an article for this journal, we argued that UK legal and political developments, following the events of September 2001, had designated Muslims as the ‘enemy within’ and served to construct Muslims as the principal suspect community (Pantazis and Pemberton 2009). This work sought to utilize and extend Hillyard's original (1993) thesis, which postulated that, during the period of Irish political violence during the 1970s and into the 1990s, the whole Irish population had become a ‘suspect community’. In 2010, Steven Greer responded with an uncompromising critique of these combined works. In this reply, we rearticulate our case and demonstrate why Greer's arguments are fundamentally flawed.

Crime & Delinquency 57(6)

2011-10-14T16:01:00.000-04:00

Crime & Delinquency, November 2011: Volume 57, Issue 6

Juvenile Penalties for "Lawyering Up": The Role of Counsel and Extralegal Case Characteristics
Gaylene S. Armstrong and Bitna Kim

The presence of counsel for juveniles in the courtroom seems advantageous from a due process perspective, yet some studies suggest that juveniles receive harsher dispositions when represented by an attorney. This study tested whether a “counsel penalty” existed regardless of attorney type and, guided by prior sentencing literature, used a more comprehensive model to determine the influence of extralegal and contextual factors that may amplify the counsel penalty. Utilizing official data from a Northeastern state in a multilevel modeling strategy, this study found that regardless of the type of counsel retained, harsher sentences were received as compared with cases in which a juvenile was not represented by counsel even after controlling for offense type. Moreover, minority youth with public defenders and males with private counsel received harsher sentences while community characteristics did not appear to have a significant influence on sentencing decisions.

Causes of School Bullying: Empirical Test of a General Theory of Crime, Differential Association Theory, and General Strain Theory
Byongook Moon, Hye-Won Hwang, and John D. McCluskey

A growing number of studies indicate the ubiquity of school bullying: It is a global concern, regardless of cultural differences. Little previous research has examined whether leading criminological theories can explain bullying, despite the commonality between bullying and delinquency. The current investigation uses longitudinal data on 655 Korean youth, in three schools, to examine the applicability of leading criminological theories (general theory of crime, differential association theory, and general strain theory) in explaining school bullying. Overall, our findings indicate limited support for the generality of these three leading criminological theories in explaining the etiology of bullying. However, the findings show the significant effects of school-generated strains (teachers’ physical and emotional punishment and examination related strain) on bullying. Directions for future research and policy implications of these findings are discussed.

Parental Status and Punitiveness: Moderating Effects of Gender and Concern About Crime
Kelly Welch

Previously identified predictors of public punitiveness include attitudinal, experiential, background, and demographic characteristics. Given the influence of parenthood on certain attitudes and beliefs, it may also affect how strongly individuals endorse harsh punishment for criminals. Few studies have explored how parenthood influences general policy preferences or support for criminal justice measures specifically, and findings have been mixed. The author estimated linear ordinary least squares regression equations, using national random telephone survey data, to test for direct effects of parenthood on measures of punitive attitudes toward juveniles and adults and overall. Two- and three-way interactions with gender and concern about crime were also estimated, and although the additive effects of parenthood on punitiveness were significant only for attitudes toward adult offenders, gender and concern about crime moderated its effects on punitive policy support, with fathers and parents for whom crime was less salient being more punitive. These findings suggest that research testing only linear influences may overlook more complex relationships.

Stability of Delinquent Peer Associations: A Biosocial Test of Warr's Sticky-Friends Hypothesis
Kevin M. Beaver, Chris L. Gibson, Michael G. Turner, Matt DeLisi, Michael G. Vaughn, and Ashleigh Holand

The study of delinquent peers has remained at the forefront of much criminological research and theorizing. One issue of particular importance involves the factors related to why people associate with and maintain a sustained involvement with delinquent peers. Although efforts have been made to address these questions, relatively little attempt has been made to understand these relationships from a biosocial perspective. This gap in the literature is addressed in an analysis of twins from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health). The results of the univariate behavioral genetic models reveal that genetic factors account for between 58% and 74% of the variance in the association with delinquent peers, with the remaining variance attributable to environmental factors. Bivariate Cholesky decomposition models reveal that genetic factors account for 58% of the variance in the stability in delinquent peers. The shared environment explains 34% of the variance in stability, and the remaining 8% is attributable to the nonshared environment. The importance of a biosocial approach in criminological research is discussed.

Cheating the Hangman: The Effect of the Roper v. Simmons Decision on Homicides Committed by Juveniles
Jamie L. Flexon, Lisa Stolzenberg, and Stewart J. D'Alessio

On March 1, 2005, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the execution of offenders under the age of 18 at the time of their criminal offense was unconstitutional. Although many welcomed this decision, some individuals still remain concerned that the elimination of the specter of capital punishment will inevitably increase homicidal behavior among juveniles by reducing the prospect of deterrence. Using monthly data from the Supplemental Homicide Reports and a multiple time-series research design, the authors investigate the impact of the Roper v. Simmons decision on homicides perpetrated by juveniles in the 20 states affected by the law. Maximum likelihood results reveal that the repeal of the juvenile death penalty has had no effect on juvenile homicidal behavior.

Propensity for Violence Among Homeless and Runaway Adolescents: An Event History Analysis
Devan M. Crawford, Les B. Whitbeck, and Dan R. Hoyt

Little is known about the prevalence of violent behaviors among homeless and runaway adolescents or the specific behavioral factors that influence violent behaviors across time. In this longitudinal study of 300 homeless and runaway adolescents aged 16 to 19 at baseline, the authors use event history analysis to assess the factors associated with acts of violence over 3 years, controlling for individual propensities and time-varying behaviors. Results indicate that females, nonminorities, and nonheterosexuals were less likely to engage in violence across time. Those who met criteria for substance abuse disorders (i.e., alcohol abuse, alcohol dependence, drug abuse) were more likely to engage in violence. A history of caretaker abuse was associated with violent behaviors, as were street survival strategies such as selling drugs, participating in gang activity, and associating with deviant peers. Simply having spent time directly on the streets at any specific time point also increased the likelihood for violence.

Sentencing Juveniles to Life in Prison: The Reproduction of Juvenile Justice for Young Adolescents Charged With Murder
Simon I. Singer

In Roper v. Simmons, the U.S. Supreme Court determined that the sentencing of juveniles to death violated the constitutional amendment against cruel and unusual punishment. Similarly, the Court most recently decided that life without parole for nonhomicide offenses is also unconstitutional (Graham v. Florida, 2010). Part of the reason for the Court’s decisions is the lack of consensus as to the appropriateness of punishing juveniles as if they were adults. To examine the extent to which there is consensus as to the capital penalties for capital crimes, this article examines a population of young juveniles who were initially charged with murder, and then subsequently convicted in criminal court and sentenced to life in prison. As is the case with adults, not all juveniles were convicted in criminal court for their initial charge of murder. But unlike for adults, a proportion of eligible juveniles were adjudicated delinquent in juvenile court or received youthful offender in criminal court, resulting in a less severe sentence than a maximum of life in prison. The author suggests that this reduced set of sanctions, which a segment of juveniles receive, is substantive justice and the reproduction of juvenile justice. He found significant differences in the reproduction of juvenile justice by place and prior offense.

The ANNALS of the AAPSS 638

2011-10-05T10:04:00.002-04:00

The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, November 2011: Volume 638

Work, Family, and Workplace Flexibility

Making a Case for Workplace Flexibility
Kathleen Christensen and Barbara Schneider

Family Change and Time Allocation in American Families
Suzanne M. Bianchi

The Cost of Workplace Flexibility for High-Powered Professionals
Claudia Goldin and Lawrence F. Katz

Phased Retirement and Workplace Flexibility for Older Adults: Opportunities and Challenges
Richard W. Johnson

Workplace Flexibility and Worker Agency: Finding Short-Term Flexibility within a Highly Structured Workplace
Lawrence S. Root and Alford A. Young, Jr.

The Human Face of Workplace Flexibility
Barbara Schneider

Workplace Flexibility and Daily Stress Processes in Hotel Employees and Their Children
David M. AlmeIda and Kelly D. Davis

Keeping Women in the Science Pipeline
Marc Goulden, Mary Ann Mason, and Karie Frasch

Military Families: Extreme Work and Extreme "Work-Family"
Shelley MacDermid Wadsworth and Kenona Southwell

American Journal of Sociology 117(2)

2011-10-04T10:13:00.002-04:00

American Journal of Sociology, September 2011: Volume 117, Issue 2

Avoiding Catastrophe: The Interactional Production of Possibility during the Cuban Missile Crisis
David R. Gibson

In October 1962, the fate of the world hung on the U.S. response to the discovery of Soviet nuclear missiles in Cuba. President Kennedy’s decision to impose a blockade was based on hours of discussions with top advisers (the so-called ExComm), yet decades of scholarship on the crisis have missed the central puzzle: How did the group select one response, the blockade, when all options seemed bad? Recently released audio recordings are used to argue that the key conversational activity was storytelling about an uncertain future. Kennedy’s choice of a blockade hinged on the narrative “suppression” of its most dangerous possible consequence, namely the perils of a later attack against operational missiles, something accomplished through omission, self-censorship, ambiguation, uptake failure, and narrative interdiction. The article makes the very first connection between the localized dynamics of conversation and decision making in times of crisis, and offers a novel processual account of one of the most fateful decisions in human history.

Jazz and the Disconnected: City Structural Disconnectedness and the Emergence of a Jazz Canon, 1897–1933
Damon J. Phillips

The study of organizations and markets suffers from the underdevelopment of disconnected producers. This article emphasizes the imputed identities of sources to argue that difficult-to-categorize outputs were appealing when associated with a source high in disconnectedness. Worldwide data on recordings and mobility with detailed data on Midwest recordings provide evidence that jazz from cities high in disconnectedness was rerecorded more often by musicians over time. Moreover, recordings with difficult-to-categorize elements were more likely to be rerecorded when coming from cities high in disconnectedness, despite evidence that original music was paradoxically less likely to come from these cities.

Fragmented Networks and Entrepreneurship in Late Imperial Russia
Henning Hillmann, Brandy L. Aven

Emergent economies suffer from underdeveloped market infrastructures and insufficient public institutions to enforce contract commitments and property rights. Informal reputation-based arrangements may substitute for government enforcement, but they require close-knit networks that enable monitoring. Economic development also requires access to capital, information, and other resources, which is enabled by wide-reaching and diverse networks and not by closure. How is entrepreneurship possible given these conflicting demands? In this article, the authors examine how partnership networks and reputation channel the mobilization of capital for new enterprises, using quantitative information on 4,172 corporate partnerships during the industrialization of late imperial Russia (1869–1913). They find that reputation is locally effective in small and homogeneous network components. By contrast, founders in the largest components that form the network core raise more capital from investors but benefit less from reputation and more from brokerage opportunities and ties that reach diverse communities.

The Structural Sources of Association
Evan Schofer, Wesley Longhofer

Where do associations come from? The authors argue that the expansion and openness of state institutions encourage the formation of associations. Moreover, the institutional structures of world society provide important resources and legitimation for association. Longitudinal cross-national data on voluntary associations are analyzed using panel models with fixed-effects and instrumental variables models to address possible endogeneity. Institutional features of the state and the structures of world society are linked to higher levels of association, as are wealth and education. These factors differentially affect specific types of association, helping make sense of the distinctive configurations of civil society observed around the globe.

Pride and Prejudice: Employment Discrimination against Openly Gay Men in the United States
András Tilcsik

This article presents the first large-scale audit study of discrimination against openly gay men in the United States. Pairs of fictitious résumés were sent in response to 1,769 job postings in seven states. One résumé in each pair was randomly assigned experience in a gay campus organization, and the other résumé was assigned a control organization. Two main findings have emerged. First, in some but not all states, there was significant discrimination against the fictitious applicants who appeared to be gay. This geographic variation in the level of discrimination appears to reflect regional differences in attitudes and antidiscrimination laws. Second, employers who emphasized the importance of stereotypically male heterosexual traits were particularly likely to discriminate against openly gay men. Beyond these particular findings, this study advances the audit literature more generally by covering multiple regions and by highlighting how audit techniques may be used to identify stereotypes that affect employment decisions in real labor markets.

Wealth and the Marital Divide
Daniel Schneider

Marriage patterns differ dramatically in the United States by race and education. The author identifies a novel explanation for these marital divides, namely, the important role of personal wealth in marriage entry. Using event-history models and data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 cohort, the author shows that wealth is an important predictor of first marriage and that differences in asset ownership by race and education help to explain a significant portion of the race and education gaps in first marriage. The article also tests possible explanations for why wealth plays an important role in first marriage entry.

Journal of Criminal Justice 39(5)

2011-10-02T10:39:00.001-04:00

Journal of Criminal Justice, September 2011: Volume 39, Issue 5

Assessing the interaction between offender and victim criminal lifestyles & homicide type
Jesenia M. Pizarro, Kristen M. Zgoba, Wesley G. Jennings

This study examined the interaction between victim and offender criminal lifestyles and the characteristics of homicides. Hierarchical Agglomerative Cluster and Logistic Regression Analyses were employed to answer the research questions. The findings showed that victims and offenders are similar and that their characteristics influenced the incident etiology. Researchers and practitioners should take into account criminal lifestyles when tailoring homicide prevention strategies.

Evidence of a gene × environment interaction between perceived prejudice and MAOA genotype in the prediction of criminal arrests
Joseph A. Schwartz, Kevin M. Beaver

Recent studies have shown that stressful environments interact with genetic polymorphisms to predict antisocial outcomes. MAOA genotype and perceived prejudice are not related to the probability of arrest when examined independently. MAOA genotype and perceived prejudice do, however, interact to predict the probability of being arrested for males. These findings are consistent with the differential-susceptibility hypothesis.

Reintegration or stigmatization? Offenders’ expectations of community re-entry
Michael L. Benson, Leanne Fiftal Alarid, Velmer S. Burton, Francis T. Cullen

We investigate how incarcerated offenders feel about re-entering their communities. Most offenders do not expect to be stigmatized upon re-entry. Most offenders expect to be reintegrated upon re-entering their communities Racial and ethnic minorities are less likely to expect to be reintegrated than whites. The findings are encouraging for other post-conviction treatment programs.

Estimating the probability of local crime clusters: The impact of immediate spatial neighbors
Martin A. Andresen

We identify local crime clusters using a local indicator of spatial association, local Moran's I. The local crime clusters are then model in a multinomial logistic regression to identify their predictor variables. Knowing the type of immediate spatial neighbours is critical when identifying local crime clusters. Local crime areas relate to their spatial neighbours: low crime areas with high crime neighbours present as high crime areas. Efforts to understand the criminal nature of an area must not consider that area in isolation.

Parenthood and crime: The role of wantedness, relationships with partners, and ses
Peggy C. Giordano, Patrick M. Seffrin, Wendy D. Manning, Monica A. Longmore

Highly disadvantaged young men and women do not report lower average levels of criminal behavior after becoming parents. Young men and women from more advantaged backgrounds do report lower average levels of crime after making these transitions. Pregnancies that were described as wanted reduced female involvement in crime regardless of socioeconomic status. Life history narratives further illustrate the promise and limitations of parenthood as a catalyst for sustained behavior change.

Motives and methods for leaving the gang: Understanding the process of gang desistance
David C. Pyrooz, Scott H. Decker

Modal responses for motives and methods for leaving the gang were internal pushes and non-hostile departures. For one out of every five former gang members, the method of departure involved hostility or ritual violence. Leaving the gang was not met with hostility so long as the motive is for reasons external to the gang. Motives surrounding the key life course parameters of gang membership are consistent with asymmetrical causation.

The genetic origins of psychopathic personality traits in adult males and females: Results from an adoption-based study
Kevin M. Beaver, Meghan W. Rowland, Joseph A. Schwartz, Joseph L. Nedelec

This study examined the genetic basis to psychopathic personality traits using an adoption-based research design. Having a criminal biological father was related to psychopathic personality traits for males, but not for females. These results suggest that the transmission of antisocial and psychopathic traits is partially genetic in origin.

Patterns of criminal achievement in sexual offending: Unravelling the “successful” sex offender
Patrick Lussier, Martin Bouchard, Eric Beauregard

The current study proposes a concept of criminal achievement in the context of sexual offending. There is much variation in criminal achievement both in terms of offending productivity and cost avoidance. A small group of sex offenders are involved in a very large number of sex crime events. The most productive offenders are also those who avoid detection longer, up to 40 years. The successful and productive offenders do not received longer sentences and tend to be classified as low-risk offenders.

The reliability of police employee counts: Comparing FBI and ICMA data, 1954–2008
William R. King, Abdullah Cihan, Justin A. Heinonen

We systematically assess FBI and ICMA counts of police employees in 38 US cities. For most cities we find high levels of reliability between the two data sources. There is some evidence of reporting irregularities in specific cities. Usually reporting errors are temporally bounded.

Social ecology, individual risk, and recidivism: A multilevel examination of main and moderating influences
Marie Skubak Tillyer, Brenda Vose

This study examined main and moderating influences of social ecology on recidivism. We controlled for individual risk using the Level of Service Inventory-Revised. HLM results indicate modest support for contextual effects. The relationship between LSI-R and recidivism did not vary across contexts.

Journal of Marriage and Family 73(5)

2011-09-29T10:03:00.001-04:00

Journal of Marriage and Family, October 2011: Volume 73, Issue 5

Brief Reports

Better Parents, More Stable Partners: Union Transitions Among Cohabiting Parents
Lauren Rinelli McClain

Life Events, Sibling Warmth, and Youths' Adjustment
Evelyn B. Waite, Lilly Shanahan, Susan D. Calkins, Susan P. Keane and Marion O'Brien

The Familial Socialization of Culturally Related Values in Mexican American Families
George P. Knight, Cady Berkel, Adriana J. Umaña-Taylor, Nancy A. Gonzales, Idean Ettekal, Maryanne Jaconis and Brenna M. Boyd

Methodological Innovation

Toward Best Practices in Analyzing Datasets with Missing Data: Comparisons and Recommendations
David R. Johnson and Rebekah Young

Family Influences on Child Outcomes

Does Conservative Protestantism Moderate the Association Between Corporal Punishment and Child Outcomes?
Christopher G. Ellison, Marc A. Musick and George W. Holden

Parental Work Schedules and Children's Cognitive Trajectories
Wen-Jui Han and Liana E. Fox

Household Structure and Children's Educational Attainment: A Perspective on Coresidence with Grandparents
Maria A. Monserud and Glen H. Elder Jr.

Effect on Preschoolers' Literacy when Never-Married Mothers Get Married
Jay Fagan

Associations Between Family Communication Patterns, Sibling Closeness, and Adoptive Status
Diana R. Samek and Martha A. Rueter

Intimate Unions Over the Life Course

Adolescents' Gender Mistrust: Variations and Implications for the Quality of Romantic Relationships
Kei M. Nomaguchi, Peggy C. Giordano, Wendy D. Manning and Monica A. Longmore

Social Exchange and Sexual Behavior in Young Women's Premarital Relationships in Kenya
Nancy Luke, Rachel E. Goldberg, Blessing U. Mberu and Eliya M. Zulu

Changing Patterns of Interracial Marriage in a Multiracial Society
Zhenchao Qian and Daniel T. Lichter

Of General Interest

Unemployment in Families: The Case of Housework
Margaret Gough and Alexandra Killewald

Changes in At-Risk American Men's Crime and Substance Use Trajectories Following Fatherhood
David C. R. Kerr, Deborah M. Capaldi, Lee D. Owen, Margit Wiesner and Katherine C. Pears

Working-Class Jobs and New Parents' Mental Health
Maureen Perry-Jenkins, JuliAnna Z. Smith, Abbie E. Goldberg and Jade Logan

Do Traditional Fathers Always Work More? Gender Ideology, Race, and Parenthood
Rebecca Glauber and Kristi L. Gozjolko

Does a House Divided Stand? Kinship and the Continuity of Shared Living Arrangements
Jennifer E. Glick and Jennifer Van Hook

American Sociological Review 76(5)

2011-09-28T15:34:00.000-04:00

American Sociological Review, October 2011: Volume 76, Issue 5

Professional Role Confidence and Gendered Persistence in Engineering
Erin Cech, Brian Rubineau, Susan Silbey, and Caroll Seron

Social psychological research on gendered persistence in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) professions is dominated by two explanations: women leave because they perceive their family plans to be at odds with demands of STEM careers, and women leave due to low self-assessment of their skills in STEM’s intellectual tasks, net of their performance. This study uses original panel data to examine behavioral and intentional persistence among students who enter an engineering major in college. Surprisingly, family plans do not contribute to women’s attrition during college but are negatively associated with men’s intentions to pursue an engineering career. Additionally, math self-assessment does not predict behavioral or intentional persistence once students enroll in a STEM major. This study introduces professional role confidence—individuals’ confidence in their ability to successfully fulfill the roles, competencies, and identity features of a profession—and argues that women’s lack of this confidence, compared to men, reduces their likelihood of remaining in engineering majors and careers. We find that professional role confidence predicts behavioral and intentional persistence, and that women’s relative lack of this confidence contributes to their attrition.

Bringing Managers Back In: Managerial Influences on Workplace Inequality
Emilio J. Castilla

While great progress has been made in documenting that organizational practices affect workplace inequality, little is known about how managers in particular may shape the careers of the employees below them. Using unique longitudinal personnel data on managers and their subordinates, this study identifies and tests for evidence of three distinct mechanisms by which managers potentially influence the assessment of employee performance in the workplace: (1) social network influence between employees’ current and former managers; (2) manager–manager (horizontal) homophily; and (3) manager–employee (vertical) homophily. I find evidence of the independent effects of all three mechanisms of managerial influence on the outcome of disagreement in the performance evaluation ratings of the same worker between former and current managers. In particular, my results stress that both managerial network influence and horizontal homophily affect the process of employee performance assessments, over and above the well-studied vertical homophily mechanism. I conclude by discussing the theoretical implications of these findings for future research regarding the interactional aspects of workplace inequality within contemporary organizations.

The Firm Strikes Back: Non-compete Agreements and the Mobility of Technical Professionals
Matt Marx

This study explores how firms shape labor markets and career paths using employee non-compete agreements. The sociology of work has overlooked non-competes, but data indicate that nearly half of technical professionals in the United States are asked to sign such employment contracts. Fearing loss of investments in talent and trade secrets, firms use non-competes to “strike back” against technical professionals’ increased mobility following the decline of internal labor markets. In-depth interviews with 52 randomly sampled patent holders in a single industry, coupled with a survey of 1,029 engineers across a variety of industries, reveal that ex-employees subject to non-competes are more likely to take career detours—that is, they involuntarily leave their technical field to avoid a potential lawsuit. Moreover, firms strategically manage the process of getting workers to sign such contracts, waiting for workers’ bargaining position to weaken. These findings inform our understanding of the social organization of work in the knowledge economy.

Neighborhood Effects in Temporal Perspective: The Impact of Long-Term Exposure to Concentrated Disadvantage on High School Graduation
Geoffrey T. Wodtke, David J. Harding, and Felix Elwert

Theory suggests that neighborhood effects depend not only on where individuals live today, but also on where they lived in the past. Previous research, however, usually measures neighborhood context only once and does not account for length of residence, thereby understating the detrimental effects of long-term neighborhood disadvantage. This study investigates effects of duration of exposure to disadvantaged neighborhoods on high school graduation. It follows 4,154 children in the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, measuring neighborhood context once per year from age 1 to 17. The analysis overcomes the problem of dynamic neighborhood selection by adapting novel methods of causal inference for time-varying treatments. In contrast to previous analyses, these methods do not “control away” the effect of neighborhood context operating indirectly through time-varying characteristics of the family; thus, they capture the full impact of a lifetime of neighborhood disadvantage. We find that sustained exposure to disadvantaged neighborhoods has a severe impact on high school graduation that is considerably larger than effects reported in prior research. We estimate that growing up in the most (compared to the least) disadvantaged quintile of neighborhoods reduces the probability of graduation from 96 to 76 percent for black children, and from 95 to 87 percent for nonblack children.

Dangerous Liaisons? Dating and Drinking Diffusion in Adolescent Peer Networks
Derek A. Kreager and Dana L. Haynie

The onset and escalation of alcohol consumption and romantic relationships are hallmarks of adolescence. Yet only recently have these domains jointly been the focus of sociological inquiry. We extend this literature by connecting alcohol use, dating, and peers to understand the diffusion of drinking behavior in school-based friendship networks. Drawing on Granovetter’s classic concept of weak ties, we argue that adolescent romantic partners are likely to be network bridges, or liaisons, connecting daters to new peer contexts that, in turn, promote changes in individual drinking behaviors and allow these behaviors to spread across peer networks. Using longitudinal data of 449 couples from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, we estimate Actor–Partner Interdependence Models and identify unique contributions of partners’ drinking, friends’ drinking, and friends-of-partners’ drinking to daters’ own future binge drinking and drinking frequency. Findings support the liaison hypothesis and suggest that friends-of-partners’ drinking have net associations with adolescent drinking patterns. Moreover, the coefficient for friends-of-partners’ drinking is larger than the coefficient for one’s own peers and generally immune to prior selection. Our findings suggest that romantic relationships are important mechanisms for understanding the diffusion of emergent problem behaviors in adolescent peer networks.

Misery Does Not Love Company: Network Selection Mechanisms and Depression Homophily
David R. Schaefer, Olga Kornienko, and Andrew M. Fox

Conventional wisdom holds that friends protect against depression through the social support they provide; however, depression likely has a role in structuring friendship networks. In particular, we investigate friend selection mechanisms responsible for similarity in depression among friends (i.e., homophily). Preference is one explanation, yet several correlates of depression make homophilous selection among depressed individuals unlikely. We propose two alternative mechanisms—avoidance and withdrawal—that can produce depression homophily in the absence of preference. These alternative mechanisms create homophily indirectly by limiting friendship partners available to depressed individuals. We test the preference, avoidance, and withdrawal mechanisms using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health and a dynamic network model. Results provide support for the withdrawal mechanism. These findings help explain how depression affects friend selection and have broader implications for understanding selection mechanisms responsible for network patterns such as homophily.

How General Is Trust in "Most People"? Solving the Radius of Trust Problem
Jan Delhey, Kenneth Newton, and Christian Welzel

Generalized trust has become a paramount topic throughout the social sciences, in its own right and as the key civic component of social capital. To date, cross-national research relies on the standard question: “Generally speaking, would you say that most people can be trusted or that you need to be very careful in dealing with people?” Yet the radius problem—that is, how wide a circle of others respondents imagine as “most people”—makes comparisons between individuals and countries problematic. Until now, much about the radius problem has been speculation, but data for 51 countries from the latest World Values Survey make it possible to estimate how wide the trust radius actually is. We do this by relating responses to the standard trust question to a new battery of items that measures in-group and out-group trust. In 41 out of 51 countries, “most people” in the standard question predominantly connotes out-groups. To this extent, it is a valid measure of general trust in others. Nevertheless, the radius of “most people” varies considerably across countries; it is substantially narrower in Confucian countries and wider in wealthy countries. Some country rankings on trust thus change dramatically when the standard question is replaced by a radius-adjusted trust score. In cross-country regressions, the radius of trust matters for civic attitudes and behaviors because the assumed civic nature of trust depends on a wide radius.

Forthcoming (Fall 2011)

2011-09-25T23:15:00.002-04:00

Many journals release articles online prior to their formal publication date. Some of these will be published in the next issue of their respective journals, while others might be held for a year or longer. Although the list is long, it can be worth perusing at least a couple times a year.

These journals currently provide early access to forthcoming articles, and their content is listed below:

American Psychologist
American Sociological Review
British Journal of Criminology
Crime & Delinquency
Critical Criminology
Journal of Criminal Justice
Journal of Quantitative Criminology
Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency
Justice Quarterly
Psychological Bulletin
Sociological Methodology
Theoretical Criminology
Theory and Society

American Psychologist

Nonrational processes in ethical decision making.
Rogerson, Mark D.; Gottlieb, Michael C.; Handelsman, Mitchell M.; Knapp, Samuel; Younggren, Jeffrey

Guidelines for psychological practice with lesbian, gay, and bisexual clients.
No authorship indicated

Principles for quality undergraduate education in psychology.
No authorship indicated

Guidelines for the practice of parenting coordination.
No authorship indicated

Lesbian, gay, and bisexual victimization in the military: An unintended consequence of “don't ask, don't tell”?
Burks, Derek J.

Guidelines for the evaluation of dementia and age-related cognitive change.
No authorship indicated

Beyond positive psychology?: Toward a contextual view of psychological processes and well-being.
McNulty, James K.; Fincham, Frank D.

Training the brain: Practical applications of neural plasticity from the intersection of cognitive neuroscience, developmental psychology, and prevention science.
Bryck, Richard L.; Fisher, Philip A.

Understanding the dorsal and ventral systems of the human cerebral cortex: Beyond dichotomies.
Borst, Grégoire; Thompson, William L.; Kosslyn, Stephen M.

Public skepticism of psychology: Why many people perceive the study of human behavior as unscientific.
Lilienfeld, Scott O.

Toward a new approach to the study of personality in culture.
Cheung, Fanny M.; van de Vijver, Fons J. R.; Leong, Frederick T. L.

Lifestyle and mental health.
Walsh, Roger

American Sociological Review

Bringing Managers Back In: Managerial Influences on Workplace Inequality
Emilio J. Castilla

Neighborhood Effects in Temporal Perspective: The Impact of Long-Term Exposure to Concentrated Disadvantage on High School Graduation
Geoffrey T. Wodtke, David J. Harding, and Felix Elwert

The Firm Strikes Back: Non-compete Agreements and the Mobility of Technical Professionals
Matt Marx

The Enduring Association between Education and Mortality: The Role of Widening and Narrowing Disparities
Richard Miech, Fred Pampel, Jinyoung Kim, and Richard G. Rogers

British Journal of Criminology

Sentencing for Murder: Exploring Public Knowledge and Public Opinion in England and Wales
Barry Mitchell and Julian V. Roberts

Executions, Imprisonment and Crime in Trinidad and Tobago
David F. Greenberg and Biko Agozino

The Legitimization of CCTV as a Policy Tool: Genesis and Stabilization of a Socio-Technical Device in Three French Cities
Séverine Germain, Anne-Cécile Douillet, and Laurence Dumoulin

‘Keeping the Peace’: Social Identity, Procedural Justice and the Policing of Football Crowds
Clifford Stott, James Hoggett, and Geoff Pearson

Security and Disappointment: Policing, Freedom and Xenophobia in South Africa
Jonny Steinberg

Using Jurors to Explore Public Attitudes to Sentencing
Kate Warner and Julia Davis

Understanding Cooperation With Police in a Diverse Society
Kristina Murphy and Adrian Cherney

E-Resistance and Technological In/Security in Everyday Life: The Palestinian Case
Nadera Shalhoub-Kevorkian

Untangling the Relationship Between Fear of Crime and Perceptions of Disorder: Evidence from a Longitudinal Study of Young People in England and Wales
Ian Brunton-Smith

Compstat and the New Penology: A Paradigm Shift in Policing?
James J. Willis and Stephen D. Mastrofski

Using ‘Turning Points’ To Understand Processes of Change in Offending: Notes from a Swedish Study on Life Courses and Crime
Christoffer Carlsson

History And Global Criminology: (Re)Inventing Delinquency in Vietnam
Pamela Cox

The Soldier as Victim: Peering through the Looking Glass
Ross McGarry and Sandra Walklate

Perceived Group Threat and Punitive Attitudes in Russia and The United States
Darren Wheelock, Olga Semukhina, and Nicolai N. Demidov

Homicide Law Reform in Victoria, Australia: From Provocation to Defensive Homicide and Beyond
Kate Fitz-Gibbon and Sharon Pickering

Informers and the Transition in Northern Ireland
Ron Dudai

Regulating Drug Dependency in China: The 2008 PRC Drug Prohibition Law
Sarah Biddulph and Chuanyu Xie

Mind the Double Gap: Using Multivariate Multilevel Modelling to Investigate Public Perceptions of Crime Trends
John Mohan, Liz Twigg, and Joanna Taylor

Juvenile Victims in Restorative Justice: Findings from the Reintegrative Shaming Experiments
Tali Gal and Shomron Moyal

‘I Had a Hard Life’: Exploring Childhood Adversity in the Shaping of Masculinities among Men Who Killed an Intimate Partner in South Africa
Shanaaz Mathews, Rachel Jewkes, and Naeemah Abrahams

War Crimes in the 2008 Georgia–Russia Conflict
Christopher W. Mullins

Sentencing Guidelines and Judicial Discretion: Evolution of the Duty of Courts to Comply in England and Wales
Julian V. Roberts

Crime & Delinquency

The Only Thing We Have to Fear Is Fear Itself: Investigating the Relationship Between Fear of Falling and White-Collar Crime
Nicole Leeper Piquero

A Comparison of Chinese Immigrants’ Perceptions of the Police in New York City and Toronto
Doris C. Chu and John Huey-Long Song

Race, Ethnicity, and School-Based Adolescent Victimization
Anthony A. Peguero, Ann Marie Popp, and Dixie J. Koo

Inside the Black Box: Identifying the Variables That Mediate the Effects of an Experimental Intervention for Adolescents
Carter Hay, Xia Wang, Emily Ciaravolo, and Ryan C. Meldrum

Reconceptualizing Victimization and Victimization Responses
Heather Zaykowski

Participation in the Community Social Control, the Neighborhood Watch Groups : Individual- and Neighborhood-Related Factors
Ji Hyon Kang

How do Former Inmates Perform in the Community? A Survival Analysis of Rearrests, Reconvictions, and Technical Parole Violations
Michael Ostermann

Reporting Error in Household Gun Ownership in the 2000 General Social Survey
Richard L. Legault

Gang Involvement: Social and Environmental Factors
Emma Alleyne and Jane L. Wood

The Impact of Race/Ethnicity and Quality-of-Life Policing on Public Attitudes Toward Racially Biased Policing and Traffic Stops
Jihong Solomon Zhao, Yung-Lien Lai, Ling Ren, and Brian Lawton

Examining the Effects of Residential Situations and Residential Mobility on Offender Recidivism
Benjamin Steiner, Matthew D. Makarios, and Lawrence F. Travis III

Officer Race Versus Macro-Level Context: A Test of Competing Hypotheses About Black Citizens’ Experiences With and Perceptions of Black Police Officers
Rod K. Brunson and Jacinta M. Gau

Guns and Trafficking in Crack-Cocaine and Other Drug Markets
Richard B. Felson and Luke Bonkiewicz

Neighborhood Conditions and Fear of Crime: A Reconsideration of Sex Differences
Karen A. Snedker

Sentencing Juveniles to Life in Prison: The Reproduction of Juvenile Justice for Young Adolescents Charged With Murder
Simon I. Singer

Understanding Gang Membership and Crime Victimization Among Jail Inmates: Testing the Effects of Self-Control
Kathleen A. Fox, Jodi Lane, and Ronald L. Akers

Does Prison-Based Adult Basic Education Improve Postrelease Outcomes for Male Prisoners in Florida?
Rosa Minhyo Cho and John H. Tyler

Shelter During the Storm: A Search for Factors That Protect At-Risk Adolescents From Violence
Marvin D. Krohn, Alan J. Lizotte, Shawn D. Bushway, Nicole M. Schmidt, and Matthew D. Phillips

The Impact of Drivers’ Race, Gender, and Age During Traffic Stops: Assessing Interaction Terms and the Social Conditioning Model
Rob Tillyer and Robin S. Engel

The Subjective Impact of Contact With the Criminal Justice System: The Role of Gender and Stigmatization
Andrew James McGrath

Gendered Pathways? Gender, Mediating Factors, and the Gap in Boys’ and Girls’ Substance Use
Rachel Bridges Whaley, Justin Hayes-Smith, and Rebecca Hayes-Smith

Testing the Link Between Child Maltreatment and Family Violence Among Police Officers
Egbert Zavala

The Relationship Between Citizen Perceptions of Collective Efficacy and Neighborhood Violent Crime
Todd A. Armstrong, Charles M. Katz, and Stephen M. Schnebly

Using Cognitive Interviewing to Explore Causes for Racial Differences on the MAYSI-2
Henrika McCoy

Policing Domestic Violence in the Post-SARP Era: The Impact of a Domestic Violence Police Unit
M. Lyn Exum, Jennifer L. Hartman, Paul C. Friday, and Vivian B. Lord

An Examination of the Micro-Level Crime–Fear of Crime Link
Jihong Solomon Zhao, Brian Lawton, and Dennis Longmire

Examining Officer and Citizen Accounts of Police Use-of-Force Incidents
Jeff Rojek, Geoffrey P. Alpert, and Hayden P. Smith

Risk Assessment of Girls: Are There Any Sex Differences in Risk Factors for Re-offending and in Risk Profiles?
Claudia E. van der Put, Maja Dekovic, Machteld Hoeve, Geert Jan J. M. Stams, Peter H. van der Laan, and Femke E. M. Langewouters

Prison Architecture and Inmate Misconduct: A Multilevel Assessment
Robert G. Morris and John L. Worrall

Sentencing Asian Offenders in State Courts: The Influence of a Prevalent Stereotype
Travis W. Franklin and Noelle E. Fearn

Problem-Oriented Policing in Colorado Springs: A Content Analysis of 753 Cases
Edward R. Maguire, Craig D. Uchida, and Kimberly D. Hassell

Accumulated Strain, Negative Emotions, and Crime: A Test of General Strain Theory in Russia
Ekaterina Botchkovar and Lisa Broidy

A Sociological Theory of Drug Sales, Gifts, and Frauds
Scott Jacques and Richard Wright

Sedentary Activities, Peer Behavior, and Delinquency Among American Youth
Robert G. Morris and Matthew C. Johnson

Assessing Crime as a Problem: The Relationship Between Residents’ Perception of Crime and Official Crime Rates Over 25 Years
John R Hipp

Do More Police Lead to More Crime Deterrence?
Gary Kleck and J.C. Barnes

Men, Women, and Postrelease Offending: An Examination of the Nature of the Link Between Relational Ties and Recidivism
Jennifer E. Cobbina, Beth M. Huebner, and Mark T. Berg

Comparative Effectiveness of California’s Proposition 36 and Drug Court Programs Before and After Propensity Score Matching
Elizabeth Evans, Libo Li, Darren Urada, and M. Douglas Anglin

Magnetic Facilities: Identifying the Convergence Settings of Juvenile Delinquents
Gisela Bichler, Aili Malm, and Janet Enriquez

Evidence-Based Prosecution of Intimate Partner Violence in the Post-Crawford Era: A Single-City Study of the Factors Leading to Prosecution
Jill Theresa Messing

Reevaluating Interrater Reliability in Offender Risk Assessment
Leontien M van der Knaap, Laura E. W. Leenarts, Marise Ph Born, and Paul Oosterveld

Beyond Boston: Applying Theory to Understand and Address Sustainability Issues in Focused Deterrence Initiatives for Violence Reduction
Marie Skubak Tillyer, Robin S. Engel, and Brian Lovins

The Criminal Victimization–Depression Sequela: Examining the Effects of Violent Victimization on Depression With a Longitudinal Propensity Score Design
Andy Hochstetler, Gloria Jones-Johnson, Matt Delisi, and W. Roy Johnson

Race, Pre- and Postdetention, and Juvenile Justice Decision Making
Michael J. Leiber

Period Effects in the Impact of Vietnam-Era Military Service on Crime Over the Life Course
Leana Allen Bouffard

Using a Criminally Involved Population to Examine the Relationship Between Race/Ethnicity, Structural Disadvantage, and Methamphetamine Use
Andrew M. Fox and Nancy Rodriguez

Policing Juveniles: Domestic Violence Arrest Policies, Gender, and Police Response to Child–Parent Violence
Kevin J. Strom, Tara D. Warner, Lisa Tichavsky, and Margaret A. Zahn

Reactive Versus Proactive Attitudes Toward Domestic Violence: A Comparison of Taiwanese Male and Female Police Officers
Doris C. Chu and Ivan Y. Sun

The Ties That Bind: Desistance From Gangs
David C. Pyrooz, Scott H. Decker, and Vincent J. Webb

Community and Campus Crime: A Geospatial Examination of the Clery Act
Matt R. Nobles, Kathleen A. Fox, David N. Khey, and Alan J. Lizotte

A Squandered Opportunity? A Review of SAMHSA’S National Registry of Evidence-Based Programs and Practices for Offenders
Benjamin J. Wright, Sheldon X. Zhang, and David Farabee

Crisis Intervention Teams and People With Mental Illness: Exploring the Factors That Influence the Use of Force
Melissa S. Morabito, Amy N. Kerr, Amy Watson, Jeffrey Draine, Victor Ottati, and Beth Angell

Placing the Neighborhood Accessibility–Burglary Link in Social-Structural Context
Jeffrey T. Ward, Matt R. Nobles, Tasha J. Youstin, and Carrie L. Cook

Disentangling the Effects of Violent Victimization, Violent Behavior, and Gun Carrying for Minority Inner-City Youth Living in Extreme Poverty
Richard Spano and John Bolland

Cultures of Violence and Acts of Terror: Applying a Legitimation–Habituation Model to Terrorism
Christopher W. Mullins and Joseph K. Young

Elaboration on Specialization in Crime: Disaggregating Age Cohort Effects
Shachar Yonai, Stephen Z. Levine, and Joseph Glicksohn

Preentry Substance Abuse Services: The Heterogeneity of Offender Experiences
Philip R. Magaletta, Pamela M. Diamond, Beth M. Weinman, Ashley Burnell, and Carl G. Leukefeld

General Strain Theory and School Bullying: An Empirical Test in South Korea
Byongook Moon, Merry Morash, and John D. McCluskey

Morality, Self-Control, Deterrence, and Drug Use: Street Youths and Situational Action Theory
Owen Gallupe and Stephen W. Baron

Disproportionate Minority Confinement of Juveniles: A National Examination of Black–White Disparity in Placements, 1997-2006
Jaya Davis and Jon R. Sorensen

Violent Video Games, Catharsis Seeking, Bullying, and Delinquency: A Multivariate Analysis of Effects
Christopher J. Ferguson, Cheryl K. Olson, Lawrence A. Kutner, and Dorothy E. Warner

Drugs, Guns, and Disadvantaged Youths: Co-Occurring Behavior and the Code of the Street
Andrea N. Allen and Celia C. Lo

A Comparison of Robbers’ Use of Physical Coercion in Commercial and Street Robberies
John D. McCluskey

Calling the Police in Instances of Family Violence: Effects of Victim–Offender Relationship and Life Stages
Ji Hyon Kang and James P. Lynch

The Aftermath of Criminal Victimization: Race, Self-Esteem, and Self-Efficacy
Matt DeLisi, Gloria Jones-Johnson, W. Roy Johnson, and Andy Hochstetler

The Impact of Drug Treatment on Recidivism: Do Mandatory Programs Make a Difference? Evidence From Kansas's Senate Bill 123
Andres F. Rengifo and Don Stemen

Disaggregating the Relationship Between Schools and Crime: A Spatial Analysis
Rebecca K. Murray and Marc L. Swatt

Indeterminate and Determinate Sentencing Models: A State-Specific Analysis of Their Effects on Recidivism
Yan Zhang, Lening Zhang, and Michael S. Vaughn

Assessing the Differential Effects of Race and Ethnicity on Sentence Outcomes Under Different Sentencing Systems
Xia Wang, Daniel P. Mears, Cassia Spohn, and Lisa Dario

Differential Deterrence: Studying Heterogeneity and Changes in Perceptual Deterrence Among Serious Youthful Offenders
Thomas A. Loughran, Alex R. Piquero, Jeffrey Fagan, and Edward P. Mulvey

Do State Policies Matter in Prosecutor-Reported Juvenile Marijuana Case Disposition?
Yvonne M. Terry-McElrath, Jamie F. Chriqui, Hannalori Bates, and Duane C. McBride

Examining Diffusion and Arrest Avoidance Practices Among Johns
Thomas J. Holt, Kristie R. Blevins, and Joseph B. Kuhns

Problem-Oriented Policing and Open-Air Drug Markets: Examining the Rockford Pulling Levers Deterrence Strategy
Nicholas Corsaro, Rod K. Brunson, and Edmund F. McGarrell

Organizational Failure and the Disbanding of Local Police Agencies
William R. King

A Multivariate Analysis of the Sociodemographic Predictors of Methamphetamine Production and Use
Todd A. Armstrong and Gaylene S. Armstrong

The Lost Cause? Examining the Southern Culture of Honor Through Defensive Gun Use
Heith Copes, Tomislav V. Kovandzic, J. Mitchell Miller, and Luke Williamson

Childhood Psychopathology Predicts Adolescence-Onset Offending: A Longitudinal Study
Nicole Buck, Frank Verhulst, Hjalmar van Marle, and Jan van der Ende

Modeling Isomorphism on Policing Innovation: The Role of Institutional Pressures in Adopting Community-Oriented Policing
George W. Burruss and Matthew J. Giblin

Community Characteristics and Methamphetamine Use in a Rural State: An Analysis of Preincarceration Usage by Prison Inmates
Aaron Roussell, Malcolm D. Holmes, and Richard Anderson-Sprecher

Determinants of Police Strength in Large U.S. Cities During the 1990s: A Fixed-Effects Panel Analysis
William P. McCarty, Ling Ren, and Jihong "Solomon" Zhao

Associations Between Order Maintenance Policing and Violent Crime: Considering the Mediating Effects of Residential Context
Robert J. Kane and Shea W. Cronin

Criminal Offending and Learning Disabilities in New Zealand Youth: Does Reading Comprehension Predict Recidivism?
Julia J. Rucklidge, Anthony P. McLean, and Paula Bateup

Propensity for Violence Among Homeless and Runaway Adolescents: An Event History Analysis
Devan M. Crawford, Les B. Whitbeck, and Dan R. Hoyt

The Public Safety Impact of Community Notification Laws: Rearrest of Convicted Sex Offenders
Naomi J. Freeman

Offender Perceptions of Graduated Sanctions
Eric J. Wodahl, Robbin Ogle, Colleen Kadleck, and Kenneth Gerow

Implications of Different Outcome Measures for an Understanding of Inmate Misconduct
Benjamin Steiner and John Wooldredge

Stability of Delinquent Peer Associations: A Biosocial Test of Warr’s Sticky-Friends Hypothesis
Kevin M. Beaver, Chris L. Gibson, Michael G. Turner, Matt DeLisi, Michael G. Vaughn, and Ashleigh Holand

Parental Status and Punitiveness: Moderating Effects of Gender and Concern About Crime
Kelly Welch

What a Girl Wants, What a Girl Needs: Findings From a Gender-Specific Focus Group Study
Crystal A. Garcia and Jodi Lane

Cheating the Hangman: The Effect of the Roper v. Simmons Decision on Homicides Committed by Juveniles
Jamie L. Flexon, Lisa Stolzenberg, and Stewart J. D’Alessio

Judges' Reactions to Ohio's "Jessica's Law"
Timothy Griffin and John Wooldredge

The Institutionalization of Racial Profiling Policy: An Examination of Antiprofiling Policy Adoption Among Large Law Enforcement Agencies
Kirk Miller

The Impact of Security Placement on Female Offenders' Institutional Behavior
Renée Gobeil, Kelley Blanchette, and Meredith Robeson Barrett

An Examination of the Interactions of Race and Gender on Sentencing Decisions Using a Trichotomous Dependent Variable
Tina L. Freiburger and Carly M. Hilinski

The Impact of Mass Incarceration on Poverty
Robert DeFina and Lance Hannon

Housing for the “Worst of the Worst” Inmates: Public Support for Supermax Prisons
Daniel P. Mears, Christina Mancini, Kevin M. Beaver, and Marc Gertz

The Timing and Accumulation of Judicial Sanctions Among Drug Court Clients
Nick McRee and Laurie A. Drapela

Exploring Inmate Reentry in a Local Jail Setting: Implications for Outreach, Service Use, and Recidivism
Michael D. White, Jessica Saunders, Christopher Fisher, and Jeff Mellow

Sexual Arousal and Self-Control: Results From a Preliminary Experimental Test of the Stability of Self-Control
Jeffrey Bouffard and Tasha Kunzi

Deterrence and Macro-Level Perceptions of Punishment Risks: Is There a “Collective Wisdom"?
Gary Kleck and J. C. Barnes

Neighborhood Disadvantage and Reliance on the Police
Lonnie M. Schaible and Lorine A. Hughes

Racial Threat, Suspicion, and Police Behavior: The Impact of Race and Place in Traffic Enforcement
Kenneth J. Novak and Mitchell B. Chamlin

The Effectiveness of Policies and Programs That Attempt to Reduce Firearm Violence: A Meta-Analysis
Matthew D. Makarios and Travis C. Pratt

The Dangerous Drug Offender in Federal Court: Intersections of Race, Ethnicity, and Culpability
Cassia Spohn and Lisa L. Sample

Contagious Fire? An Empirical Assessment of the Problem of Multi-shooter, Multi-shot Deadly Force Incidents in Police Work
Michael D. White and David Klinger

Political Culture Versus Socioeconomic Approaches to Predicting Police Strength in U.S. Police Agencies: Results of a Longitudinal Study, 1993 to 2003
Jihong Zhao, Ling Ren, and Nicholas P. Lovrich

Elder Physical Abuse and Failure to Report Cases: Similarities and Differences in Case Type and the Justice System's Response
Brian K. Payne

Causes of School Bullying: Empirical Test of a General Theory of Crime, Differential Association Theory, and General Strain Theory
Byongook Moon, Hye-Won Hwang, and John D. McCluskey

Critical Criminology

Tough-on-Crime Tolerance: The Cultural Criminalization of Bigotry in the Post-Civil Rights Era
Clara S. Lewis

Criminogenic Cyber-Capitalism: Paul Virilio, Simulation, and the Global Financial Crisis
Eric Wilson

Reentry to What? Theorizing Prisoner Reentry in the Jobless Future
Michael Hallett

Political Elites, “Broken Windows”, and the Commodification of Urban Space
Ronald Kramer

Youth Violence and Hegemonic Masculinity among Pacific Islander and Asian American Adolescents
David Tokiharu Mayeda and Lisa Pasko

Ironies of Crime, Control, and Criminology
Scott Jacques and Richard Wright

Talking Heads and Bleeding Hearts: Newsmaking, Emotion and Public Criminology in the Wake of a Sexual Assault
Michael Mopas and Dawn Moore

Out of Time: The Moral Temporality of Sex, Crime and Taboo
Sharon Hayes and Belinda Carpenter

Justice in the Democratic Republic of Congo: Practicing Corruption, Practicing Resistance?
Maritza Felices-Luna

Critical Criminology Meets Radical Constructivism
Nicolas Carrier

White-Collar Crime and Police Crime: Rotten Apples or Rotten Barrels?
Petter Gottschalk

A False Sense of Security: Moral Panic Driven Sex Offender Legislation
Mary Maguire and Jennie Kaufman Singer

A General Theories of Hate Crime? Strain, Doing Difference and Self Control
Mark Austin Walters

From Safety to Danger: Constructions of Crime in a Women’s Magazine
Delthia E. Miller and John L. McMullan

Enemies and Citizens of the State: Die Boeremag as the Face of Postapartheid Otherness
Kathryn Henne

Journal of Criminal Justice

Marked for Death: An Empirical Criminal Careers Analysis of Death Sentences in a Sample of Convicted Male Homicide Offenders
Monic P. Behnken, Jonathan W. Caudill, Mark T. Berg, Chad R. Trulson, Matt DeLisi

Social ecology, individual risk, and recidivism: A multilevel examination of main and moderating influences
Marie Skubak Tillyer, Brenda Vose

The reliability of police employee counts: Comparing FBI and ICMA data, 1954–2008
William R. King, Abdullah Cihan, Justin A. Heinonen

Patterns of criminal achievement in sexual offending: Unravelling the “successful” sex offender
Patrick Lussier, Martin Bouchard, Eric Beauregard

The genetic origins of psychopathic personality traits in adult males and females: Results from an adoption-based study
Kevin M. Beaver, Meghan W. Rowland, Joseph A. Schwartz, Joseph L. Nedelec

Motives and methods for leaving the gang: Understanding the process of gang desistance
David C. Pyrooz, Scott H. Decker

Parenthood and crime: The role of wantedness, relationships with partners, and ses
Peggy C. Giordano, Patrick M. Seffrin, Wendy D. Manning, Monica A. Longmore

Estimating the probability of local crime clusters: The impact of immediate spatial neighbors
Martin A. Andresen

Evidence of a gene × environment interaction between perceived prejudice and MAOA genotype in the prediction of criminal arrests
Joseph A. Schwartz, Kevin M. Beaver

Reintegration or stigmatization? Offenders’ expectations of community re-entry
Michael L. Benson, Leanne Fiftal Alarid, Velmer S. Burton, Francis T. Cullen

Assessing the interaction between offender and victim criminal lifestyles and homicide type
Jesenia M. Pizarro, Kristen M. Zgoba, Wesley G. Jennings

Journal of Quantitative Criminology

The Transcendence of Violence Across Relationships: New Methods for Understanding Men’s and Women’s Experiences of Intimate Partner Violence Across the Life Course
Kristin Carbone-Lopez, Callie Marie Rennison and Ross Macmillan

Integrated Theory and Crimes of Trust
Scott Menard and Robert G. Morris

Specialized Versus Versatile Intergenerational Transmission of Violence: A New Approach to Studying Intergenerational Transmission from Violent Versus Non-Violent Fathers: Latent Class Analysis
Sytske Besemer

Having a Bad Month: General Versus Specific Effects of Stress on Crime
Richard B. Felson, D. Wayne Osgood, Julie Horney and Craig Wiernik

Cycles in Crime and Economy: Leading, Lagging and Coincident Behaviors
Claudio Detotto and Edoardo Otranto

Racial Context and Crime Reporting: A Test of Black’s Stratification Hypothesis
Min Xie and Janet L. Lauritsen

Spatializing the Social Networks of Gangs to Explore Patterns of Violence
George E. Tita and Steven M. Radil

Estimating the Impact of Classification Error on the “Statistical Accuracy” of Uniform Crime Reports
James J. Nolan, Stephen M. Haas and Jessica S. Napier

A Comparison of Logistic Regression, Classification and Regression Tree, and Neural Networks Models in Predicting Violent Re-Offending
Yuan Y. Liu, Min Yang, Malcolm Ramsay, Xiao S. Li and Jeremy W. Coid

Structural Determinants of Homicide: The Big Three
Maria Tcherni

Examining the Neighborhood Context of the Violent Offending-Victimization Relationship: A Prospective Investigation
Mark T. Berg and Rolf Loeber

Spatial and Temporal Patterns of Terrorist Attacks by ETA 1970 to 2007
Gary LaFree, Laura Dugan, Min Xie and Piyusha Singh

Racial Disparity in Police Stop and Searches in England and Wales
Vani K. Borooah

Static and Dynamic Indicators of Minority Threat in Sentencing Outcomes: A Multi-Level Analysis
Cyndy Caravelis, Ted Chiricos and William Bales

Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency

The Effects of Focused Deterrence Strategies on Crime: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Empirical Evidence
Anthony A. Braga and David L. Weisburd

The Effects of Security Threats on Antecedents of Police Legitimacy: Findings from a Quasi-Experiment in Israel
Tal Jonathan-Zamir and David Weisburd

On the Operational Validity of Perceptual Peer Delinquency: Exploring Projection and Elements Contained in Perceptions
John H. Boman, IV, John M. Stogner, Bryan Lee Miller, O. Hayden Griffin, III, and Marvin D. Krohn

The Influence of Travel Distance on Treatment Noncompletion for Juvenile Offenders
Brian Lockwood

Partners in Crime? Criminal Offending, Marriage Formation, and Partner Selection
Marieke van Schellen, Anne-Rigt Poortman, and Paul Nieuwbeerta

The Social Transmission of Delinquency: Effects of Peer Attitudes and Behavior Revisited
Kim C. I. M. Megens and Frank M. Weerman

Journey to Grow: Linking Process to Outcome in Target Site Selection for Cannabis Cultivation
Martin Bouchard, Eric Beauregard, and Margaret Kalacska

Structural Covariates of Gang Homicide in Large U.S. Cities
David C. Pyrooz

White Perceptions of Whether African Americans and Hispanics are Prone to Violence and Support for the Death Penalty
James D. Unnever and Francis T. Cullen

Motor Vehicle Recovery: A Multilevel Event History Analysis of NIBRS Data
Aki Roberts

The Long-Term Effects of Paternal Imprisonment on Criminal Trajectories of Children
Marieke van de Rakt, Joseph Murray, and Paul Nieuwbeerta

Effects of First-Time Imprisonment on Postprison Mortality: A 25-Year Follow-Up Study with a Matched Control Group
Anja Dirkzwager, Paul Nieuwbeerta, and Arjan Blokland

Unsafe at Any Age: Linking Childhood and Adolescent Maltreatment to Delinquency and Crime
Joshua P. Mersky, James Topitzes, and Arthur J. Reynolds

Local Businesses as Attractors or Preventers of Neighborhood Disorder
Wouter Steenbeek, Beate Volker, Henk Flap, and Frank van Oort

The Effects of Corporation- and Industry-Level Strain and Opportunity on Corporate Crime
Xia Wang and Kristy Holtfreter

Delinquency Balance and Time Use: A Research Note
Jean Marie McGloin

The Offenders’ Perspective on Prevention : Guarding Against Victimization and Law Enforcement
Scott Jacques and Danielle M. Reynald

Alcohol Outlets and Community Levelsof Interpersonal Violence: Spatial Density, Outlet Type, and Seriousness of Assault
William Alex Pridemore and Tony H. Grubesic

Problem Behavior in the Middle School Years: An Assessment of the Social Development Model
Christopher J. Sullivan and Paul Hirschfield

Patterns of Near-Repeat Gun Assaults in Houston
William Wells, Ling Wu, and Xinyue Ye

Getting the Upper Hand: Scripts for Managing Victim Resistance in Carjackings
Heith Copes, Andy Hochstetler, and Michael Cherbonneau

The Imprisonment Penalty for Young Black and Hispanic Males: A Crime-Specific Analysis
Patricia Warren, Ted Chiricos, and William Bales

Age Matters: Race Differences in Police Searches of Young and Older Male Drivers
Richard Rosenfeld, Jeff Rojek, and Scott Decker

Revisiting Risk Sensitivity in the Fear of Crime
Jonathan Jackson

Measuring Community Risk and Protective Factors for Adolescent Problem Behaviors: Evidence from a Developing Nation
Edward R. Maguire, William Wells, and Charles M. Katz

Are Parrots CRAVED? An Analysis of Parrot Poaching in Mexico
Stephen Pires and Ronald V. Clarke

Gender Differences in Risk Factors for Violent Victimization: An Examination of Individual-, Family-, and Community-Level Predictors
Janet L. Lauritsen and Kristin Carbone-Lopez

The Conditional Effects of Race and Politics on Social Control: Black Violent Crime Arrests in Large Cities, 1970 to 1990
Thomas D. Stucky

Justice Quarterly

A Twin Study of Sex Differences in Self-Control
Danielle Boisvert, John Paul Wright, Valerie Knopik and Jamie Vaske

Results from a Multi-Site Evaluation of the G.R.E.A.T. Program
Finn-Aage Esbensen, Dana Peterson, Terrance J. Taylor and D. Wayne Osgood

Bringing Women’s Carceral Experiences into the “New Punitiveness” Fray
Candace Kruttschnitt, Anne-Marie Slotboom, Anja Dirkzwager and Catrien Bijleveld

Unemployment, Guardianship, and Weekday Residential Burglary
Stewart J. D’Alessio, David Eitle and Lisa Stolzenberg

Explaining Systematic Bias in Self-Reported Measures: Factors that Affect the Under- and Over-Reporting of Self-Reported Arrests
Marvin D. Krohn, Alan J. Lizotte, Matthew D. Phillips, Terence P. Thornberry and Kristin A. Bell

Sentencing Native Americans in US Federal Courts: An Examination of Disparity
Travis W. Franklin

Economic Development, Change of Age Distribution, and Stream Analogy of Homicide and Suicide: A Cross-National Assessment
Don Soo Chon

The Risk of Informal Socializing with Peers: Considering Gender Differences Across Predatory Delinquency and Substance Use
Megan Bears Augustyn and Jean Marie McGloin

The Pains of Imprisonment Revisited: The Impact of Strain on Inmate Recidivism
Shelley Johnson Listwan, Christopher J. Sullivan, Robert Agnew, Francis T. Cullen and Mark Colvin

Are Risky Youth Less Protectable as They Age? The Dynamics of Protection during Adolescence and Young Adulthood
Shawn D. Bushway, Marvin D. Krohn, Alan J. Lizotte, Matthew D. Phillips and Nicole M. Schmidt

Need, Connections, or Competence? Criminal Achievement among Adolescent Offenders
Holly Nguyen and Martin Bouchard

Social Correlates of Delinquency for Youth in Need of Mental Health Services: Examining the Scope Conditions of Criminological Theories
Matt Vogel and Steven F. Messner

The Importance of Ecological Context for Correctional Rehabilitation Programs: Understanding the Micro- and Macro-Level Dimensions of Successful Offender Treatment
Kevin A. Wright, Travis C. Pratt, Christopher T. Lowenkamp and Edward J. Latessa

Defending the Homeland: Judicial Sentencing Practices for Federal Immigration Offenses
Richard D. Hartley and Rob Tillyer

Thoughts on the Analysis of Group-Based Developmental Trajectories in Criminology
Robert Brame, Raymond Paternoster and Alex R. Piquero

Prison Visitation and Recidivism
Daniel P. Mears, Joshua C. Cochran, Sonja E. Siennick and William D. Bales

Correcting Community Service: From Work Crews to Community Work in a Juvenile Court
William R. Wood

A Situational Model for Distinguishing Terrorist and Non-Terrorist Aerial Hijackings, 1948–2007
Susan Fahey, Gary LaFree, Laura Dugan and Alex R. Piquero

Re-Examining the Functional Form of the Certainty Effect in Deterrence Theory
Thomas A. Loughran, Greg Pogarsky, Alex R. Piquero and Raymond Paternoster

The Neglect of Elder Neglect as a White-Collar Crime: Distinguishing Patient Neglect from Physical Abuse and the Criminal Justice System’s Response
Brian K. Payne, Anita Blowers and Daniel B. Jarvis

From the Officer’s Perspective: A Multilevel Examination of Citizens’ Demeanor during Traffic Stops
Robin S. Engel, Rob Tillyer, Charles F. Klahm IV and James Frank

Fear of Crime among Gang and Non-Gang Offenders: Comparing the Effects of Perpetration, Victimization, and Neighborhood Factors
Jodi Lane and Kathleen A. Fox

Recidivism and the Propensity to Forgo Parole Release
Michael Ostermann

Firmament or Folly? Protecting the Innocent, Promoting Capital Punishment, and the Paradoxes of Reconciliation
James R. Acker and Rose Bellandi

Exploring Sex Differences among Sentenced Juvenile Offenders in Australia
Robin Fitzgerald, Paul Mazerolle, Alex R. Piquero and Donna L. Ansara

Legislation Targeting Sex Offenders: Are Recent Policies Effective in Reducing Rape?
Alissa R. Ackerman, Meghan Sacks and David F. Greenberg

Revisiting the Use of Propensity Score Matching to Understand the Relationship between Gang Membership and Violent Victimization: A Cautionary Note
M. Murat Ozer and Robin S. Engel

Can Police Legitimacy Promote Collective Efficacy?
Tammy Rinehart Kochel

A Hero’s Welcome? Exploring the Prevalence and Problems of Military Veterans in the Arrestee Population
Michael D. White, Philip Mulvey, Andrew M. Fox and David Choate

Distinguishing Race Effects on Pre-Trial Release and Sentencing Decisions
John Wooldredge

Examining the Effects of Community-Based Sanctions on Offender Recidivism
Benjamin Steiner, Matthew D. Makarios, Lawrence F. Travis III and Benjamin Meade

Evaluating the Minnesota Comprehensive Offender Reentry Plan (MCORP): Results from a Randomized Experiment
Grant Duwe

The “Liberation” of Federal Judges' Discretion in the Wake of the Booker/Fanfan Decision: Is There Increased Disparity and Divergence between Courts?
Jeffery Ulmer, Michael T. Light and John Kramer

Pathways of Victimization and Resistance: Toward a Feminist Theory of Battered Women’s Help-Seeking
Amanda Burgess-Proctor

Offender Rehabilitation: Examining Changes in Inmate Treatment Characteristics, Program Participation, and Institutional Behavior
Alyssa Whitby Chamberlain

Conducted Energy Devices (CEDs) and Citizen Injuries: The Shocking Empirical Reality
William Terrill and Eugene A. Paoline III

Is the Nexus of Gang Membership, Exposure to Violence, and Violent Behavior a Key Determinant of First Time Gun Carrying for Urban Minority Youth?
Richard Spano and John M. Bolland

The Influence of Parole Officers’ Attitudes on Supervision Practices
Benjamin Steiner, Lawrence F. Travis III, Matthew D. Makarios and Taylor Brickley

Self-Complexity and Crime: Extending General Strain Theory
Shelley Keith Matthews

Psychological Bulletin

Sex differences in cooperation: A meta-analytic review of social dilemmas.
Balliet, Daniel; Li, Norman P.; Macfarlan, Shane J.; Van Vugt, Mark

Facial affect processing and depression susceptibility: Cognitive biases and cognitive neuroscience.
Bistricky, Steven L.; Ingram, Rick E.; Atchley, Ruth Ann

Psychological stress in childhood and susceptibility to the chronic diseases of aging: Moving toward a model of behavioral and biological mechanisms.
Miller, Gregory E.; Chen, Edith; Parker, Karen J.

A meta-analysis of the effect of cognitive bias modification on anxiety and depression.
Hallion, Lauren S.; Ruscio, Ayelet Meron

A biopsychosocial formulation of pain communication.
Hadjistavropoulos, Thomas; Craig, Kenneth D.; Duck, Steve; Cano, Annmarie; Goubert, Liesbet; Jackson, Philip L.; Mogil, Jeffrey S.; Rainville, Pierre; Sullivan, Michael J. L.; de C. Williams, Amanda C.; Vervoort, Tine; Fitzgerald, Theresa Dever

Sociological Methodology

Decomposition of inequality among groups by counterfactual modeling: an analysis of the gender wage gap in japan
Kazuo Yamaguchi

Bayesian meta-analysis of social network data via conditional uniform graph quantiles
Carter T. Butts

Accounting for misclassification bias in binary outcome measures of illness: the case of post-traumatic stress disorder in male veterans
Elizabeth Savoca

Dealing with extreme response style in cross-cultural research: a restricted latent class factor analysis approach
Meike Morren, John P.T.M. Gelissen and Jeroen K. Vermunt

Entropy-based segregation indices
Ricardo Mora and Javier Ruiz-Castillo

Biases of parameter estimates in misspecified structural equation models
Stanislav Kolenikov

A transition-oriented approach to optimal matching
Torsten Biemann

Theoretical Criminology

Dire forecast: A theoretical model of the impact of climate change on crime
Robert Agnew

Ornery alligators and soap on a rope: Texas prosecutors and punishment reform in the Lone Star State
Michael C. Campbell

The new political economy of private security
Adam White

Neutralizing sexual victimization: A typology of victims’ non-reporting accounts
Karen G. Weiss

Democracy and punishment: A radical view
Mike Rowan

Jane Jacobs’ framing of public disorder and its relation to the ‘broken windows’ theory
Prashan Ranasinghe

Theory and Society

“Sustainable consumption” as a new phase in a governmentalization of consumption
Yannick Rumpala

The sudden rise of French existentialism: a case-study in the sociology of intellectual life
Patrick Baert

The logic of social policy expansion in a neoliberal context: health insurance reform in Korea after the 1997 economic crisis
Oh-Jung Kwon

Law & Society Review 45(3)

2011-09-23T16:06:00.001-04:00

Law & Society Review, September 2011: Volume 45, Issue 3

"No Hints, No Forecasts, No Previews": An Empirical Analysis of Supreme Court Nominee Candor from Harlan to Kagan
Dion Farganis and Justin Wedeking

Criticism of Supreme Court confirmation hearings has intensified considerably over the past two decades. In particular, there is a growing sense that nominees are now less forthcoming and that the hearings have suffered as a result. In this article, we challenge that conventional wisdom. Based on a comprehensive content analysis of every question and answer in all of the modern confirmation hearings—nearly 11,000 in total—we find only a mild decline in the candor of recent nominees. Moreover, we find that senators ask more probing questions than in the past, and that nominees are now more explicit about their reasons when they choose not to respond—two factors that may be fueling the perception that evasiveness has increased in recent years. We close with a discussion of the normative implications of our findings as well as an outline for future research into this issue.

"Humanitarian Aid Is Never a Crime": Humanitarianism and Illegality in Migrant Advocacy
Maria Lorena Cook

I analyze the case of humanitarian pro-migrant activists in southern Arizona between 2000 and 2010 to explore how contending groups wield law and legality claims in a dynamic policy environment. Humanitarian activists both evade and engage the law. They appeal to a higher law to elude charges that they are acting illegally, while seeking assurances that their actions are within the law. Law enforcement agents rely on the authority and technical neutrality of the law in redefining humanitarian aid as illegal, while expanding their own claims to carry out humanitarian work. This case study of advocacy on behalf of "illegal" migrants highlights how both activists and those who enforce the law redefine legality in strategic ways.

From Programmatic Reform to Social Science Research: The National Tax Association and the Promise and Perils of Disciplinary Encounters
Ajay K. Mehrotra and Joseph J. Thorndike

This article uses the history of the National Tax Association (NTA), the leading twentieth-century organization of tax professionals, to strengthen our empirical understanding of the disciplinary encounter between law and the social sciences. Building on existing sociolegal scholarship, this article explores how the NTA embodied tax law's ambivalent historical interaction with public economics. Since its founding in 1907, the NTA has changed dramatically from an eclectic and catholic organization of tax professionals with a high public profile to an insular, scholarly association of mainly academic public finance economists. Using a mix of quantitative and qualitative historical evidence, we contend that the transformation in the NTA's mission and output can be explained by the increasing professionalization and specialization of tax knowledge, and by the dominant role that public economics has played in shaping that knowledge. This increasing specialization allowed the NTA to secure its position as a bastion of scholarly tax research. But that achievement came at a cost to the organization's broader civic mission. This article is thus a historical account of how two competing professional disciplines—tax law and public economics—have interacted within a particular organizational field, namely the research and analysis of tax law and policy.

Politics, Prisons, and Law Enforcement: An Examination of the Emergence of "Law and Order" Politics in Texas
Michael C. Campbell

This article examines the rise of "law and order" politics in Texas, providing an in-depth archival case study of changes in prison policy in a Southern state during the pivotal period when many U.S. states turned to mass incarceration. It brings attention to the important role an insurgent Republican governor and law enforcement officials played in shaping crime policy. Law enforcement's role is considered within a broader examination of political strategy during a period of intense socioeconomic volatility. The findings suggest that within particular political contexts, especially those with low levels of political participation, law enforcement agents might play a key role in shaping punishment.

Representation through Participation: A Multilevel Analysis of Jury Deliberations
Erin York Cornwell and Valerie P. Hans

Fully participatory jury deliberations figure prominently in the idealized view of the American jury system, where balanced participation among diverse jurors leads to more accurate fact-finding and instills public confidence in the legal system. However, research more than 50 years ago indicated that jury-room interactions are shaped by social status, with upper-class men participating more than their lower-class and female counterparts. The effects of social status on juror participation have been examined only sporadically since then, and rarely with actual jurors. We utilize data from 2,189 criminal jurors serving on 302 juries in four jurisdictions to consider whether—and in what conditions—participation in jury deliberations differs across social groups. Our results indicate the continuing importance of social status in structuring jury-room interactions, but also reveal some surprising patterns with respect to race and gender that depart from earlier research. We also find that contextual factors including location, case characteristics, and faction size shape the relationship between social status and participation. We conclude with a critical discussion of our results and urge other researchers to take into account contextual factors when examining how individual juror characteristics shape what happens inside the jury room.

Turnout and Party Registration among Criminal Offenders in the 2008 General Election
Traci Burch

This paper estimates the voter registration, turnout, and party registration in the 2008 general election for men with felony convictions in Florida, Georgia, Michigan, Missouri, and North Carolina. The findings indicate that turnout among felons is much lower than previous research has shown. Ex-felon turnout in 2008 varied by state, averaging 22.2 percent. People captured and convicted for their first offense after the election voted at similarly low rates. Also contrary to the expectations of previous literature, the ex-felon population does not seem overwhelmingly Democratic. In North Carolina and Florida, two states for which the data are available, party registration varies by race. Among registered black male ex-felons, 71.7 percent in North Carolina and 84.2 percent in Florida are registered Democrats. Among whites, however, only 35.3 percent and 36.4 percent of ex-felons are registered Democrats in North Carolina and Florida, respectively.

Are Judicial Performance Evaluations Fair to Women and Minorities? A Cautionary Tale from Clark County, Nevada
Rebecca D. Gill, Sylvia R. Lazos and Mallory M. Waters

Because voters rely on judicial performance evaluations when casting their ballots, policymakers should work diligently to compile valid, reliable, and unbiased information about our sitting judges. Although some claim that judicial performance evaluations are fair, the systematic research needed to establish such a proposition has not been done. By the use of attorney judicial performance survey data from Clark County, Nevada, this analysis shows that objective measures of judicial performance cannot explain away differences in scores based on race and sex. Minority judges and female judges score consistently and significantly lower than do their white and male counterparts, all other things being equal. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that judicial performance evaluation surveys may carry with them unexamined and unconscious gender/race biases. Future research must compare judicial performance evaluation structure, content, and execution across states in order to identify those evaluation mechanisms least susceptible to unconscious gender and race bias.

Diversifying State Supreme Courts
Greg Goelzhauser

Why do some states diversify their supreme courts sooner than others? Using original data on the first black and female state supreme court justices, I contend that political and institutional pressures influence when states diversify their high courts. The results suggest that selection systems, institutions affecting turnover, and the appointment of political minorities to the United States Supreme Court are associated with states seating their first black and female justices. The findings have implications for our understanding of the political and institutional circumstances that promote judicial diversity.

American Psychologist 66(6)

2011-09-22T14:14:00.002-04:00

American Psychologist, September 2011: Volume 66, Issue 6

An Introduction to “9/11: Ten Years Later”
Roxane Cohen Silver

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Following the September 11, 2001, Terrorist Attacks: A Review of the Literature Among Highly Exposed Populations
Yuval Neria, Laura DiGrande, Ben G. Adams

The Expulsion From Disneyland: The Social Psychological Impact of 9/11
G. Scott Morgan, Daniel C. Wisneski, Linda J. Skitka

Americans Respond Politically to 9/11: Understanding the Impact of the Terrorist Attacks and Their Aftermath
Leonie Huddy, Stanley Feldman

Growing Up in the Shadow of Terrorism: Youth in America After 9/11
Nancy Eisenberg, Roxane Cohen Silver

Postdisaster Psychological Intervention Since 9/11
Patricia J. Watson, Melissa J. Brymer, George A. Bonanno

Impacts of Psychological Science on National Security Agencies Post-9/11
Susan E. Brandon

Psychology Out of the Laboratory: The Challenge of Violent Extremism
Jeremy Ginges, Scott Atran, Sonya Sachdeva, Douglas Medin

Communicating About the Risks of Terrorism (or Anything Else)
Baruch Fischhoff

Intelligence Gathering Post-9/11
Elizabeth F. Loftus

Intelligent Management of Intelligence Agencies: Beyond Accountability Ping-Pong
Philip E. Tetlock, Barbara A. Mellers

Roles of Human Factors and Ergonomics in Meeting the Challenge of Terrorism
Raymond S. Nickerson

What Should We Expect After the Next Attack?
Roxane Cohen Silver, Baruch Fischhoff

Psychological Bulletin 137(5)

2011-09-22T14:10:00.001-04:00

Psychological Bulletin, September 2011: Volume 137, Issue 5

Are Prescription Stimulants “Smart Pills”? The Epidemiology and Cognitive Neuroscience of Prescription Stimulant Use by Normal Healthy Individuals
M. Elizabeth Smith, Martha J. Farah

Contrast of Medical and Nonmedical Use of Stimulant Drugs, Basis for the Distinction, and Risk of Addiction: Comment on Smith and Farah (2011)
James M. Swanson, Timothy L. Wigal, Nora D. Volkow

Pharmacological Cognitive Enhancers: Comment on Smith and Farah (2011)
Glen R. Elliott, Mark D. Elliott

Discussing Smart Pills Versus Endorsing Smart Pills: Reply to Swanson, Wigal, and Volkow (2011) and Elliott and Elliott (2011)
Martha J. Farah, M. Elizabeth Smith

Neuroanatomical Substrates of Age-Related Cognitive Decline
Timothy A. Salthouse

Between-Individual Variability and Interpretation of Associations Between Neurophysiological and Behavioral Measures in Aging Populations: Comment on Salthouse (2011)
Patrick Rabbitt

Only Time Will Tell: Cross-Sectional Studies Offer No Solution to the Age–Brain–Cognition Triangle: Comment on Salthouse (2011)
Naftali Raz, Ulman Lindenberger

All Data Collection and Analysis Methods Have Limitations: Reply to Rabbitt (2011) and Raz and Lindenberger (2011)
Timothy A. Salthouse

Genetic Essentialism: On the Deceptive Determinism of DNA
Ilan Dar-Nimrod, Steven J. Heine

Genetic Essentialism, Neuroessentialism, and Stigma: Commentary on Dar-Nimrod and Heine (2011)
Nick Haslam

Genetics and Human Agency: Comment on Dar-Nimrod and Heine (2011)
Eric Turkheimer

Some Thoughts on Essence Placeholders, Interactionism, and Heritability: Reply to Haslam (2011) and Turkheimer (2011)
Ilan Dar-Nimrod, Steven J. Heine

Discrete Emotions Predict Changes in Cognition, Judgment, Experience, Behavior, and Physiology: A Meta-Analysis of Experimental Emotion Elicitations
Heather C. Lench, Sarah A. Flores, Shane W. Bench

The Reliability and Validity of Discrete and Continuous Measures of Psychopathology: A Quantitative Review
Kristian E. Markon, Michael Chmielewski, Christopher J. Miller

Social Problems 58(3)

2011-09-22T14:02:00.000-04:00

Social Problems, August 2011: Volume 58, Issue 3

Ecological Threat and the Founding of U.S. National Environmental Movement Organizations, 1962–1998
Erik W. Johnson, Scott Frickel

This study examines the role of "ecological threat" in shaping the U.S. environmental movement. Statistical analysis combines founding data on 772 national environmental movement organizations with ecological data on air pollution levels and amphibian and bird populations. We examine these data longitudinally, from 1962 through 1998. Net of other social, economic, and political factors suggested by social movement theory, we find evidence of segmented effects in the expected directions: Declines in wildlife populations are associated with the foundings of wildlife and wilderness protection organizations while increases in air pollution are associated with the foundings of organizations focused on ecosystem well-being and public health. These findings help refine long-held assumptions about the relationship between ecological degradation and environmental activism, and demonstrate the broader utility of the threat concept for strengthening theories of social movement mobilization.

The Founding of Environmental Justice Organizations Across U.S. Counties during the 1990s and 2000s: Civil Rights and Environmental Cross-Movement Effects
Paul B. Stretesky, Sheila Huss, Michael J. Lynch, Sammy Zahran, Bob Childs

This research expands upon organizational ecology theory to examine variations in founding of organizations in the formalized sector of the environmental justice movement across U.S. counties for two time periods (1990–1999 and 2000–2008). Cross-movement effects are examined to determine if founding is more or less likely to occur in counties where related civil rights and environmental organizations are located. Consistent with the notion of agglomeration effects, we hypothesize that during the 1990s the relationship among civil rights density, environmental density, and environmental justice founding is positive and suggests cooperative efforts. That is, environmental justice organizations should form in counties where civil rights organizations and environmental organizations exist. Because the focus of environmental justice organizations may have expanded over time and created a more competitive atmosphere, cross-movement relationships that were positive across counties during the 1990s are hypothesized to turn negative across counties during the 2000s. Multivariate analysis suggests mixed support for these hypotheses. Specifically, civil rights density is positively associated with environmental justice founding during the 1990s and negatively associated with environmental justice founding during the 2000s—suggesting potential cooperative and then competitive effects across counties over time. However, the correlations between environmental density and environmental justice founding, while positive and statistically significant during the 1990s, are not statistically significant during the 2000s. Thus, in the case of organizations in the formalized sector of the environmental and environmental justice movements it appears that there is a trend toward competitive effects even as those effects have yet to materialize.

From the Lesbian Ghetto to Ambient Community: The Perceived Costs and Benefits of Integration for Community
Japonica Brown-Saracino

Drawing on an ethnography of queer women in Ithaca, New York, this article documents the perceived costs and benefits for a minority group's ties of changing attitudes, identities, and legislation. It reveals that despite the high proportion of queer women in Ithaca most informants report disappointment with "community." However, this disappointment does not correlate with a dearth of affective local ties; queer women detail a wealth of supportive ties to heterosexual and queer neighbors. Informants' simultaneous disappointment with "community" and rich local ties emerge from: (1) a shift from identity politics and networks to emphasis on shared cultural, social, and political tastes and activities; (2) the breadth of the queer female population; and (3) queer women's successful integration into Ithaca's social, cultural, and political spheres. From informants' perspectives these conditions weaken "real" community, which they associate with homogenous place-based networks of marginalized individuals, and promote a strong sense of ambient community: feelings of belonging and connection that arise from informal, voluntary, and affective ties—largely fashioned around shared tastes and activities and predicated on a sense of safety and acceptance—forged among heterogeneous proximate individuals. Contra the prevailing expectation that place-based ties best flourish among marginalized individuals who share a dominant identity and formal institutions, the article demonstrates that when social and cultural conditions change local ties change, too—they do not simply disappear. Social and cultural shifts alter the foundation of local ties and informants' assessment thereof.

No Room for New Families? A Field Experiment Measuring Rental Discrimination against Same-Sex Couples and Single Parents
Nathanael Lauster, Adam Easterbrook

We suggest that new forms of family households, especially same-sex couples and single parents, are likely to face discrimination in their interactions with rental markets. Following the contact hypothesis, we hypothesize that the geographic distribution of discrimination is likely to vary. Specifically, in places with more new family households we are likely to find less discrimination against these households. We investigate these issues in the metropolitan area of Vancouver, Canada, through analysis of 1,669 inquiries made about one- and two-bedroom apartments. Using a field experimental design similar to audit studies, we analyze landlord responses to five different two-person household scenarios, including one heterosexual couple, two same-sex couples, and two single parents. Evidence suggests that male same-sex couples, single mothers, and single fathers all face significant discrimination relative to heterosexual couples. The contact hypothesis was supported for male same-sex couples, but not for single parents. This could indicate that single parents are facing discrimination primarily based upon their economic marginalization rather than other forms of prejudice.

Violent Crime, Mobility Decisions, and Neighborhood Racial/Ethnic Transition
John R. Hipp

Numerous studies have observed a positive cross-sectional relationship between the size of racial/ethnic minority groups and crime and posited that this relationship is entirely due to a causal effect of minorities on crime rates. We posit that at least some of this relationship might be due to the opposite effect: neighborhood crime increases the number of racial/ethnic minorities. This study employs a sample that allows nesting housing units within census tracts in a number of cities to test the effect of violent crime rates on residential mobility. We find that racial/ethnic transformation occurs due to two effects: first, white households are more likely to exit neighborhoods with higher rates of violent crime than are African American households. Second, whites are significantly less likely to move into a housing unit in a tract with more violent crime, particularly if this violent crime rate is increasing. On the other hand, African American and Latino households are more likely to enter neighborhoods with higher levels of violent crime. And Latinos are particularly likely to enter neighborhoods experiencing an increasing level of violent crime over the previous four years.

Legitimacy Management, Preservation of Exchange Relationships, and the Dissolution of the Mobilization for Global Justice Coalition
Patrick F. Gillham, Bob Edwards

Throughout much of 2001 the Mobilization for Global Justice Coalition (MGJC) planned a series of mass demonstrations targeting the World Bank and International Monetary Fund to occur in Washington, DC in late September. The terrorist attacks of September 11 created a crisis for the 117 social movement organizations (SMO) involved in the broad-based coalition and forced protest leaders to reevaluate their coalition strategy. This analysis chronicles the dissolution of the MGJC and explains the decisions made by SMO leaders to abandon or disband the coalition. By leading their organizations in ways they expected to be perceived as legitimate in the eyes of key allies and supporters, leaders sought to preserve their SMO's core exchange relationships through the 9/11 crisis. At a minimum, leaders sought to insulate their organizations from irreparable harm and position them competitively for the uncertainties of the post-crisis environment. Many organizations made decisions commensurate with homophilous or exemplary organizations in a process resembling "social contagion" while others capitalized on the crisis enhancing their influence. This research relies upon participant observations of pre- and post-9/11 organizing meetings, examination of coalition documents, and interviews with key MGJC leaders.

Cultural Modeling in Two Eras of U.S. Food Protest: Grahamites (1830s) and Organic Advocates (1960s–70s)
Jeffrey Haydu

This article extends theories of social movement diffusion to encompass other kinds of cultural modeling. Using a comparison of two cases of food protest in the United States—the health food movement of William Sylvester Graham (1830s) and the early organic movement (1960s-1970s)—I emphasize similarities in underlying grievances and in the general advocacy of natural food alternatives. The two movements differed dramatically, however, in framing and tactics. I focus on contrasts in the religious significance they assigned to diet, in their democratic commitments, in the relationship they constructed between personal transformation and social change, and in their use of state-centered strategies. These frames and tactics transposed to food reform more general scripts associated with cultural institutions and movements of the time, particularly evangelical churches and temperance (Grahamites), and environmentalism, the New Left, and the wider counterculture (organic advocates).

American Journal of Sociology 117(1)

2011-09-22T13:42:00.000-04:00

Contingent Symbiosis and Civil Society in an Authoritarian State: Understanding the Survival of China’s Grassroots NGOs
Anthony J. Spires

In the study of civil society, Tocqueville-inspired research has helped illuminate important connections between associations and democracy, while corporatism has provided a robust framework for understanding officially approved civil society organizations in authoritarian regimes. Yet neither approach accounts for the experiences of ostensibly illegal grassroots nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) in an authoritarian state. Drawing on fieldwork in China, I argue that grassroots NGOs can survive in an authoritarian regime when the state is fragmented and when censorship keeps information local. Moreover, grassroots NGOs survive only insofar as they refrain from democratic claims-making and address social needs that might fuel grievances against the state. For its part, the state tolerates such groups as long as particular state agents can claim credit for any good works while avoiding blame for any problems. Grassroots NGOs and an authoritarian state can thus coexist in a “contingent symbiosis” that—far from pointing to an inevitable democratization—allows ostensibly illegal groups to operate openly while relieving the state of some of its social welfare obligations.

The Population Dynamics of Black-White-Mulatto Racial Systems
James D. Montgomery

Building on Preston and Campbell’s two-sex model of intergenerational transmission, this article provides a theoretical analysis of the dynamics of the racial distribution in black-white-mulatto systems. The author shows that “bounded” patterns of racial classification and switching imply long-run racial homogeneity in the absence of differential reproduction. Beyond the theoretical analysis, the author attempts to account for the dramatic growth of the white population share in Puerto Rico in the early 20th century. Because the effects of racial classification and differential reproduction were roughly offsetting, the observed growth of the white share can be attributed almost entirely to racial switching.

The Diversity-Bandwidth Trade-off
Sinan Aral, Marshall Van Alstyne

The authors propose that a trade-off between network diversity and communications bandwidth regulates access to novel information because a more diverse network structure increases novelty at a cost of reducing information flow. Received novelty then depends on whether (a) the information overlap is small enough, (b) alters’ topical knowledge is shallow enough, and (c) alters’ knowledge stocks refresh slowly enough to justify bridging structural holes. Social network and e-mail content from an executive recruiting firm show that bridging ties can actually offer less novelty for these reasons, suggesting that the strength of weak ties and structural holes depend on brokers’ information environments.

Network Position and Sexual Dysfunction: Implications of Partner Betweenness for Men
Benjamin Cornwell, Edward O. Laumann

This article combines relational perspectives on gender identity with social network structural perspectives on health to understand men's sexual functioning. The authors argue that network positions that afford independence and control over social resources are consistent with traditional masculine roles and may therefore affect men's sexual performance. For example, when a heterosexual man's female partner has more frequent contact with his confidants than he does—which the authors refer to as partner betweenness—his relational autonomy, privacy, and control are constrained. Analyses of data from the National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project (NSHAP) show that about a quarter of men experience partner betweennessa and that these men are 92% more likely to report erectile dysfunction. Partner betweenness is strongest among the youngest men in the sample, which may reflect changing conceptions of masculinity in later life. The authors consider several explanations for these findings and urge additional research on the links between health, gender, and network structure.

Social Organization, Population, and Land Use
William G. Axinn, Dirgha J. Ghimire

A new approach to investigation of human influences on the environment identifies social organization as an influence independent of population size, affluence, and technology. The framework also identifies population events, such as births, that influence the environment. The authors use longitudinal, multilevel, mixed-method measures of local land use changes, population dynamics, and social organization to test this framework. These tests reveal that changes in social organization are strongly associated with changes in land use independent of measures of population size, affluence, and technology. Also, local birth events shape local land use changes and key proximate determinants of land use change.

The End of the Gender Revolution? Gender Role Attitudes from 1977 to 2008
David Cotter, Joan M. Hermsen, Reeve Vanneman

After becoming consistently more egalitarian for more than two decades, gender role attitudes in the General Social Survey have changed little since the mid-1990s. This plateau mirrors other gender trends, suggesting a fundamental alteration in the momentum toward gender equality. While cohort replacement can explain about half of the increasing egalitarianism between 1974 and 1994, the changes since the mid-1990s are not well accounted for by cohort differences. Nor is the post-1994 stagnation explained by structural or broad ideological changes in American society. The recent lack of change in gender attitudes is more likely the consequence of the rise of a new cultural frame, an “egalitarian essentialism” that blends aspects of feminist equality and traditional motherhood roles.

American Journal of Sociology, July 2011: Volume 117, Issue 1

Sociological Theory 29(3)

2011-09-15T14:50:00.000-04:00

The Anatomy of Network Failure
Andrew Schrank and Josh Whitford

This article develops and defends a theory of “network failure” analogous to more familiar theories of organizational and market failure already prevalent in the literature on economic governance. It theorizes those failures not as the simple absence of network governance, but rather as a situation in which transactional conditions for network desirability obtain but network governance is impeded either by ignorance or opportunism, or by a combination of the two. It depicts network failures as continuous rather than discrete outcomes, shows that they have more than one cause, and pays particular attention to two undertheorized—if not undiscovered—types of network failure (i.e., involution and contested collaboration). It thereby contributes to the development of sociology's toolkit for theorizing networks that are “neither market nor hierarchy.”

Order at the Edge of Chaos: Meanings from Netdom Switchings Across Functional Systems
Jorge Fontdevila, M. Pilar Opazo and Harrison C. White

The great German theorist Niklas Luhmann argued long ago that meaning is the central construct of sociology. We agree, but our scheme of stochastic processes—evolved over many years as identity and control—argues for switchings of intercalated bits of social network and interpretive domain (i.e., netdom switchings) as the core of meaning processes. We thus challenge Luhmann's central claim that modern society's subsystems are based on communicative self-closure. We assert that there is refuting evidence from sociolinguistics, from how languages are put together and how languages’ indexical and reflexive devices (e.g., metapragmatics, heteroglossia, genres) are used in social action. Communication is about managing indexicalities, which entail great ambiguity and openness as they are anchored in myriad netdom switchings across social times and spreads. In contrast, Luhmann's concept of communication revolves around binary codes governed recursively and algorithmically within systems in efforts to reduce complexity from the environment. We conclude that systems closure does not solve the problem of uncertainty in social life. In fact, lack of uncertainty is itself a problem. Order is necessary, but order at the edge of chaos.

The Moodiness of Action
Daniel Silver

This article argues that the concept of moodiness provides significant resources for developing a more robust pragmatist theory of action. Building on current conceptualizations of agency as effort by relational sociologists, it turns to the early work of Talcott Parsons to outline the theoretical presuppositions and antinomies endemic to any such conception; William James and John Dewey provide an alternative conception of effort as a contingent rather than fundamental form of agency. The article then proposes a way forward to a nonvoluntarist theory of action by introducing the notion of moodiness, highlighting how the concept permits a richer conceptualization of actors’ prereflexive involvement in and relatedness to nonneutral, demanding situations. Effort is reconceptualized as a moment in a broader process of action, where the mood is fragile and problematical. Finally, the article draws all of these elements together in an outline of a unified portrait of the pragmatist action cycle that includes both creativity and moodiness as essential moments.

Sociological Theory, September 2011: Volume 29, Issue 3

Social Psychology Quarterly 74(3)

2011-09-05T23:22:00.000-04:00

Playing the (Sexual) Field: The Interactional Basis of Systems of Sexual Stratification
Adam Isaiah Green

Do Others’ Views of Us Transfer to New Groups and Tasks?: An Expectation States Approach
Will Kalkhoff, C. Wesley Younts, and Lisa Troyer

Spoiled Group Identities and Backstage Work: A Theory of Stigma Management Rehearsals
John O’Brien

Being in “Bad” Company: Power Dependence and Status in Adolescent Susceptibility to Peer Influence
Robert Vargas

Social Psychology Quarterly, September 2011: Volume 74, Issue 3

Social Psychology Quarterly 74(2)

2011-09-05T23:21:00.000-04:00

Dual Identity as a Two-Edged Sword: Identity Threat and Minority School Performance
Gülseli Baysu, Karen Phalet, and Rupert Brown

Stigma, Reflected Appraisals, and Recovery Outcomes in Mental Illness
Fred E. Markowitz, Beth Angell, and Jan S. Greenberg

Intergroup Conflict in Russia: Testing the Group Position Model
Anca Minescu and Edwin Poppe

The Moral Self: Applying Identity Theory
Jan E. Stets and Michael J. Carter

Designing the Recipient: Managing Advice Resistance in Institutional Settings
Alexa Hepburn and Jonathan Potter

Social Psychology Quarterly, June 2011: Volume 74, Issue 2

Resuming Regular Updates

2011-08-21T18:26:00.000-04:00

Now that summer is over, I'll be providing more timely updates. Thanks for your patience.

Theory and Society 40(5)

2011-08-21T18:20:00.000-04:00

States, regimes, and decisions: why Jews were expelled from Medieval England and France
Karen Barkey and Ira Katznelson

Science and neoliberal globalization: a political sociological approach
Kelly Moore, Daniel Lee Kleinman, David Hess and Scott Frickel

Towards a more pragmatic sociology of markets
Christine Overdevest

Beyond dialogue and antagonism: a Bakhtinian perspective on the controversy in political theory
Leszek Koczanowicz

Clientelism and conceptual stretching: differentiating among concepts and among analytical levels
Tina Hilgers

Theory and Society, September 2011: Volume 40, Issue 5

British Journal of Criminology 51(5)

2011-08-21T18:16:00.000-04:00

Poverty Matters: A Reassessment of the Inequality–Homicide Relationship in Cross-National Studies
William Alex Pridemore

Dozens of cross-national studies of homicide have been published. Virtually all have reported an association between inequality and homicide, leading scholars to draw strong conclusions about this relationship. Unfortunately, each of these studies failed to control for poverty, even though poverty is the most consistent predictor of area homicide rates in the US empirical literature and a main confounder of the inequality–homicide association. The cross-national findings are also incongruent with US studies, which have yielded inconsistent results for the inequality–homicide association. In the present study, I replicated two prior studies in which a significant inequality–homicide association was found. After the original results were replicated, models that included a measure of poverty were estimated to see whether its inclusion had an impact on the inequality–homicide association. When effects for poverty and inequality were estimated in the same model, there was a positive and significant poverty–homicide association, while the inequality–homicide association disappeared in two of three models. These findings were consistent across different samples, data years, measures of inequality, dependent variables (overall and sex-specific homicide rates) and estimation procedures. The new results are congruent with what we know about poverty, inequality and homicide from the US empirical literature and suggest that the strong conclusions drawn about the inequality–homicide association may need to be reassessed, as the association may be a spurious result of model misspecification.

The Best Drivers in the World: Drink-Driving and Risk Assessment
Lars Fynbo and Margaretha Järvinen

The paper analyses risk behaviour as described by a group of convicted drink-drivers. Risk assessment is seen as a part of a complicated process reflecting moral values in specific socio-cultural settings and within a specific framework of time. The respondents’ retrospective accounts of their drink-driving are interpreted as part of moral identity negotiations, focusing on four dimensions: drink-driving as non-voluntary behaviour, drink-driving as strategic behaviour, drink-driving and control, and drink-driving and ‘normalcy’. Central to these negotiations is the fact that many respondents come from social environments (be that friend groups or workmate groups) where drink-driving is common and that they therefore do not regard—or did not regard—drink-driving as deviant behaviour.

The Specific Deterrent Effect of Higher Fines on Drink-Driving Offenders
Don Weatherburn and Steve Moffatt

Fines are an extremely common sanction in most Western countries and, in some countries, have become an important source of government revenue. Despite this, the deterrent effectiveness of high fines has received little research attention. This article reports the results of a two-stage least-squares analysis of the specific deterrent effect of high fines on drink-driving offenders in NSW, Australia, in which judicial severity served as the instrumental variable. Despite substantial variation in the fines imposed by magistrates on drink-drivers, no significant deterrent effect from higher fines was found. Various explanations for the failure to observe a deterrent effect are discussed.

A Soundtrack to (illegal) Entrepreneurship: Pirated CD/DVD Selling in a Greek Provincial City
Georgios A. Antonopoulos, Dick Hobbs, and Rob Hornsby

This paper—by using the pirated CD/DVD market in a provincial city in Greece as a case study—will attempt to show how alien conspiracy theory has permeated the understanding of ‘organized crime’ and how the concept serves to enforce racism and, in particular, the treatment of diasporic communities. The paper will then proceed to interrogate the concept in the context of the local operation of this market in tandem with various legitimate interests and how, despite the exhortations of powerful commercial forces, it is tolerated.

Homicide Through A Different Lens
Patrice K. Morris and Adam Graycar

Homicide rates vary across modern societies, yet most scholarly works on homicide are based on studies in developed countries, although, in less developed countries, homicide rates are higher. Homicide is multidimensional and its related social causes and prevalence differ across cultures. In low-homicide countries, most homicides occur as a result of either criminal activity or personal relationship difficulties. This paper highlights that, in one developing country—Jamaica—a different pattern is more common. High homicide rates are connected with partisan politics and neighbourhood social organization. The argument is that neighbourhood social and political factors drive high homicide rates in urban Jamaica.

Exploring the Impact of Arson-Reduction Strategies: Panel Data Evidence from England
Rhys Andrews

In 2001, the UK government funded the introduction of a series of targeted situational preventive schemes and multi-agency partnerships to reduce deliberate fire-setting in vehicles. This paper explores the impact of these alternative arson-reduction strategies on vehicle arson in the areas served by fire authorities in England utilizing panel data for an eight-year period (1999–2006). The statistical results suggest that both forms of intervention have been successful in reducing vehicle arson, and that higher input intensity is also responsible for better outcomes. Theoretical and practical implications of the findings are discussed.

Escaping the Family Tradition: A Multi-Generation Study of Occupational Status and Criminal Behaviour
Anke A.T. Ramakers, Catrien Bijleveld, and Stijn Ruiter

This paper investigates the intersection of two types of reproduction over generations: the transmission of offending and of occupational status. According to Farrington's (2002) risk factor mechanism, the effect of parental offending on offspring offending should decrease when the intergenerational transmission of occupational status is taken into account. To test this mechanism, we use a longitudinal prospective multi-generation research design, containing data from the Netherlands on offending and occupational status during the twentieth century. Results show that a substantial part of the intergenerational association in offending is indeed mediated by risk factors such as low occupational status and, especially, low educational attainment.

British Journal of Criminology, September 2011: Volume 51, Issue 5

Theoretical Criminology 15(3)

2011-08-21T18:13:00.000-04:00

Theorizing surveillance in crime control
Kevin D. Haggerty, Dean Wilson, and Gavin J.D. Smith

Surveillance is conventionally perceived as a key component of the crime control apparatus. This editors’ introduction to a Special Issue of Theoretical Criminology on ‘Theorizing Surveillance in Crime Control’ outlines both the need for new theorizing on surveillance and some of the difficulties in doing so. It also introduces the seven pieces in the Special Issue.

Surveillance and violence from afar: The politics of drones and liminal security-scapes
Tyler Wall and Torin Monahan

As surveillance and military devices, drones—or ‘unmanned aerial vehicles’—offer a prism for theorizing the technological politics of warfare and governance. This prism reveals some violent articulations of US imperialism and nationalism, the dehumanizing translation of bodies into ‘targets’ for remote monitoring and destruction, and the insidious application of militarized systems and rationalities to domestic territories and populations. In this article, we analyze the deployment of drones within warzones in Afghanistan, Iraq, and Pakistan and borderzones and urban areas in the USA. What we call ‘the drone stare’ is a type of surveillance that abstracts people from contexts, thereby reducing variation, difference, and noise that may impede action or introduce moral ambiguity. Through these processes, drones further normalize the ongoing subjugation of those marked as Other.

The benevolent watch: Therapeutic surveillance in drug treatment court
Dawn Moore

This article offers an alternative to the traditional, technocentric and control oriented focus of surveillance studies. Drawing on field work in drug treatment courts (DTCs), I theorize the notion of ‘therapeutic surveillance’ as a seemingly benevolent form of monitoring which also troubles the ‘care/control’ dichotomy familiar to surveillance studies and social theory more generally. I look specifically at the roles of judges, treatment workers and DTC participants in constituting a surveillant assemblage which relies on personal relationships, intimate knowledge and pastoral care. I suggest that surveillance studies can move beyond the panopticon by recognizing the varied ways in which surveillance takes place. These strategies can include benevolent acts and intentions alongside (and sometimes coterminous with) coercive manoeuvres.

Hijackers and humble servants: Individuals as camwitnesses in contemporary controlwork
Hille Koskela

This article examines the relationships between the authorities of surveillance and the public. Four ‘modalities of surveillance’ are used as a contextual framework to describe different relationships and to demonstrate that they can be bidirectional as well as unidirectional. In contemporary surveillance there is a dialogue between traditional surveillance and counter-surveillance which is targeted against the authorities. Yet, surveillance also contains performative practices and incidental witnessing in which the authorities play no role. The latest development involves responsibilizing the public, as citizens are encouraged to participate in gathering evidence for crime control. The article shows how the mutual correlations between surveillance, crime and evidence are constantly transforming.

Revisiting the synopticon: Reconsidering Mathiesens The Viewer Society in the age of Web 2.0
Aaron Doyle

Thomas Mathiesen’s ‘The Viewer Society’ has been widely influential. Mathiesen posited, alongside the panopticon, a reciprocal system of control, the synopticon, in which ‘the many’ watch ‘the few’. I point to the value of Mathiesen’s arguments but also suggest a reconsideration. I consider where recent challenges to theorizing surveillance as panoptic leave the synopticon. The synopticon is tied to a top—down, instrumental way of theorizing the media. It neglects resistance, alternative currents in media production and reception, the role of culture and the increasing centrality of the internet. Mathiesen’s piece is most useful in a narrower way, in highlighting how surveillance and the mass media interact, rather than in thinking about the role of the media in control more generally.

Counterveillance: How Foucault and the Groupe dInformation sur les Prisons reversed the optics
Michael Welch

The analysis herein considers the dynamics of panopticism by developing further the concept of counter-surveillance—or counterveillance—whereby prison officials rather than the prisoners become the target of unwanted attention. While maintaining an interest in panoptic as well as synoptic theory, the article describes two counterveillant tactics deployed by Foucault and the Groupe d’Information sur les Prisons (GIP) in France during the 1970s. First, the GIP turned the prison inside out, in a manner of speaking, so as to publicly expose the harsh conditions of confinement. Second, the group set out to watch the watchers in an effort to hold certain prison administrators accountable for their unjust policies and practices. Implications of optical activism aimed at improving transparency in penal operations also are discussed alongside the limits of such protest.

The use of surveillance cameras in a Riyadh shopping mall: Protecting profits or protecting morality?
Ibrahim Alhadar and Michael McCahill

The rise of mass private property means that people increasingly spend their time in publicly accessible spaces controlled by private interests. Unlike public policing, which is reactive and morally toned, the policing that takes place in mass private property tends to be proactive and instrumental and utilizes new surveillance technologies (such as surveillance cameras) not to punish deviants, but to create and sustain the flow of profit. However, much of the literature on this topic has focused on the emergence of private policing in western industrial societies. In contrast, this study draws upon interviews and observational research conducted in the surveillance camera control room of a shopping mall in Riyadh (the capital City of Saudi Arabia) to show how private policing and the use of new surveillance technologies are shaped by existing social relations and cultural traditions. In this setting we argue that new surveillance technologies are used not only to protect profit, but to protect public morality. We discuss the significance of our empirical findings for broader theoretical debates on surveillance, gender and resistance.

Crimmigrant bodies and bona fide travelers: Surveillance, citizenship and global governance
Katja Franko Aas

The article explores the nature of surveillance and crime control as they enter the sphere of global governance. Taking the European Union (EU) as a point of departure, it examines the relationship between surveillance and sovereignty, and looks more broadly at the role that transnational surveillance and crime control play in constructing a particular type of globally divided polity. Transnational surveillance practices are increasingly addressing a public which is no longer defined exclusively as the citizenry of the nation state, nor are all European citizens entitled to the privileges of such citizenship. Through the notions of bona fide global citizens and ‘crimmigrant’ others the article details how the seeming universality of citizenship is punctuated by novel categories of globally included and excluded populations, thus revealing the inadequacy of the traditional liberal language of citizenship as the springboard for articulating a critical discourse of rights.

Theoretical Criminology, August 2011: Volume 15, Issue 3

Critical Criminology 19(3)

2011-08-21T18:08:00.000-04:00

Structuration Theory and Wrongful Imprisonment: From ‘Victimhood’ to ‘Survivorship’?
Gabe Tan

Building on existing research from a zemiological approach, this article seeks to contribute to a more ontological understanding of the production and reproduction of harms associated with wrongful imprisonment in England and Wales. Drawing from Anthony Giddens’s theory of structuration, it is argued that whilst the harms of wrongful imprisonment are both complex and devastating, victims need not be perceived as entirely passive. Rather, victims of wrongful imprisonment can be viewed as knowledgeable agents with the intrinsic capacity and agency to strategically cope with and even survive the harms that they experience. The article concludes with personal accounts by victims of wrongful imprisonment that form an identifiable ‘survivor’ discourse to highlight some of the key critical factors that are vital in helping victims of wrongful imprisonment to re-structure their lives after release.

Cultural Criminology: An Invitation… to What?
Dale Spencer

Since the mid 1990s, a strand of criminology emerged that is concerned with the co-constitution of crime and culture under the general rubric of ‘cultural criminology’. In the titles Cultural Criminology Unleashed and Cultural Criminology: An Invitation, criminologists spearheading this brand of criminology make claims for its originality and its status as a subversive alternative to conventional criminological approaches to studies of crime and deviance. The basis for the ‘new’ cultural criminology is its ostensible ability to account for the culture and subcultures of crime, the criminalization of cultural and subcultural activities, and the politics of criminalization. This paper offers a comparison of cultural criminology to 1960s and 1970s labeling theory to assess whether or not cultural criminology has developed a grammar of critique capable of resolving fundamental contradictions that haunt critical criminology and contesting contemporary administrative criminology. Points of comparison are made through ontological categories of power and criminal identity and a consideration of the epistemological categories of the respective bodies of literature.

OxyContin and a Regulation Deficiency of the Pharmaceutical Industry: Rethinking State-Corporate Crime
O. Hayden Griffin & Bryan Lee Miller

On May 10, 2007, three executives of the pharmaceutical company Purdue Pharma pled guilty in federal court to misleading doctors and patients about the risk of addiction and potential for abuse of OxyContin. Additionally, Purdue Pharma paid over $600 million in fines and other payments to the United States government and the Commonwealth of Virginia. The drug OxyContin was first introduced to the market in December of 1995. Warning signs of the drug’s potential for abuse were almost immediate, and there were reports of copious amounts of the drug being diverted into the black market for recreational use. In some cases, criminologists have argued that if the government fails to protect its citizens from the harm of a corporation then such behavior should be considered state-corporate crime. We critically evaluate the case of OxyContin to see if it falls under the state-corporate crime paradigm. Further, we argue the state-corporate crime paradigm can benefit from an increased focus on the organizational structures of regulation agencies.

How an Elite-Engineered Moral Panic Led to the U.S. War on Iraq
Scott A. Bonn

Critics argue that the G.W. Bush administration deliberately misled the U.S. public about an Iraqi threat after 9/11 but empirical evidence that presidential deception influenced public support for war has been lacking. An examination of presidential rhetoric concerning Iraq in the U.S. media revealed that it changed in tone after 9/11, consistent with moral panic processes. Logistic regression analysis of public opinion leading up to the war revealed that shifts in support for invasion directly mirrored presidential rhetoric. The findings of this study suggest that the Bush administration engineered a moral panic over Iraq with the support of the media.

Criminology and Human-Animal Violence Research: The Contribution and the Challenge
Nik Taylor

Using theories concerning human-animal abuse links this paper assesses the role(s) that criminology can play in understanding human-animal relationships. That this is not a one-way process of knowledge transferral is acknowledged with analysis of the contribution that human-animal studies can offer in return. Following a brief outline of human-animal abuse theses the contributions that criminology can play in furthering understandings of, and informing responses to, this phenomenon are discussed. A critique of mainstream approaches towards human-animal abuse links, namely, their conceptualization of animals as tools, is then outlined. The argument that anthropocentric approaches to the study of interhuman violence actually reinforce the forms of oppression which create and maintain such forms of violence in the first place, is then developed. The author concludes that the incorporation of human-animal relationships into criminology offers something in return, i.e. an opportunity to re-think the modernist foundations upon which (traditional) criminology is built.

Critical Criminology, September 2011: Volume 19, Issue 3

Crime & Delinquency 57(5)

2011-08-21T18:05:00.000-04:00

How Justice System Officials View Wrongful Convictions
Brad Smith, Marvin Zalman, and Angie Kiger

The wrongful conviction of factually innocent people is a growing concern within the United States. Reforms generated by this concern are predicated in part on the views of justice system participants. The authors surveyed judges, police officials, prosecutors, and defense lawyers in Michigan regarding their views of why wrongful convictions occur. The findings reveal that all groups acknowledge error and inaccuracy among justice system participants. In general, police and prosecutors believe that error levels are lowest, judges estimate higher error levels, and defense attorneys rank errors higher than other respondents. A majority of police, prosecutors, and judges believe that wrongful convictions do not occur with sufficient frequency to warrant system reforms, whereas a majority of defense attorneys believe that procedural changes are warranted. The findings reveal distinct occupational perspectives in respondents’ attitudes concerning wrongful conviction.

Parole? Nope, Not for Me: Voluntarily Maxing Out of Prison
Michael Ostermann

This study addresses the phenomenon of inmates voluntarily forgoing parole supervision and opting to remain in prison until the maximum expiration of their sentence. The research was conducted to inform public policy makers about the potential repercussions of this decision-making process and to help guide future policy and legislative proposals that would target this group of inmates. Bivariate and multivariate analyses are used to explore characteristics of this population with regard to postrelease recidivism and prerelease indicators of recidivism. A 2005 group of voluntary max outs are contrasted with those who are forced to max out due to continual parole denial as well as those who are released to parole supervision. All offenders were released in the state of New Jersey. Although several between-group differences were apparent between both max out groups and the parole group at a bivariate level, differences between the two max out groups were far less pronounced. Multivariate Cox regression models indicated that, after controlling for pertinent predictor variables, the likelihood of experiencing a new arrest and/or incarceration after release did not significantly differ according to group membership. Findings suggest that parole boards that make decisions in discretionary release systems should more closely analyze the release opportunities that already present themselves to their agencies but are not capitalized on. Because those who are forced to max through continual denial of parole demonstrated such similar prerelease characteristics to the voluntary max out group, it is unlikely that many who would have otherwise voluntarily maxed their sentence would be paroled if the ability to make this decision were taken away.

Institutional Misconduct, Delinquent Background, and Rearrest Frequency Among Serious and Violent Delinquent Offenders
Chad R. Trulson, Matt DeLisi, and James W. Marquart

This study examines the relationship of institutional misconduct to postrelease rearrest, controlling for a battery of preincarceration variables typically found to influence recidivism among institutionalized delinquent offenders. Based on data from 1,804 serious and violent male delinquents released from a large southern juvenile correctional system, this research found limited support for institutional misconduct as a determinant of recidivism. Of all measures of misconduct, only the rate of total misconduct infractions was related to postrelease rearrest, and this effect was generally small and found only in the rearrest frequency model, not the dichotomous rearrest model. Implications for research and practice are explored.

Repeat Offending and Repeat Victimization: Assessing Similarities and Differences in Psychosocial Risk Factors
Abigail A. Fagan and Paul Mazerolle

The overlap between victims and offenders is increasingly being recognized, with mounting evidence that victims and offenders have similar demographic characteristics, that victimization increases the likelihood of offending, and that offenders are at high risk for becoming victims of crime. Despite this evidence, there is limited research regarding the extent to which repeat victims are likely to be repeat offenders, and few studies have assessed whether predictors of repeat victimization and repeat offending are similar. Using data from a longitudinal study of young people in Brisbane, Australia, this study demonstrates that despite some overlap, there are some important differences in predictors of repeat offenders and repeat victims.

Disregarding Graduated Treatment: Why Transfer Aggravates Recidivism
Kristin Johnson, Lonn Lanza-Kaduce, and Jennifer Woolard

These data merge correctional histories with official state and courthouse information for a sample of teenage offenders, some of whom had been transferred to the adult system. Previous research indicated that transfer aggravates recidivism after the age of 18. The correctional data allow the examination of the relationship between sanctions and recidivism for repeat offenders. The authors explored whether repeat offenders who received graduated sanctions had lower recidivism after age 18 than those who leapfrogged over graduated sanctions. Transfer often involves leapfrogging over treatment options; sometimes it leads to secure placement in adult facilities but sometimes it results in adult probation. Within the juvenile justice system, some repeat offenders jump over intermediate interventions to deep-end placements. Graduated sanctions lead to less recidivism. When measures of graduated sanctions are included in multivariate analyses, transfer no longer predicts recidivism.

How Long After? A Natural Experiment Assessing the Impact of the Length of Aftercare Service Delivery on Recidivism
Megan C. Kurlychek, Andrew P. Wheeler, Leigh A. Tinik, and Cynthia A. Kempinen

Although aftercare programs have been gaining popularity as a mechanism for helping offenders readjust to society, evaluations of their success remain varied. This is most likely due to the diversity of programs labeled as aftercare and the inability of research to isolate specific program components. The current study capitalizes on a natural experiment to examine the impact of one particular component, length of service delivery, on recidivism. The study employs survival analysis techniques on a population of inmates graduating from a motivational boot camp who either received no aftercare, 30 days of aftercare, or 90 days of aftercare (depending on the existing policy on their graduation date). Findings show that those receiving 30 days of aftercare services are indistinguishable from those receiving no aftercare services in terms of recidivism. Also, we find that although those receiving 90 days of aftercare did recidivate substantially less than those receiving 0 or 30 days of aftercare, after accounting for sample attrition, however, these findings also lacked statistical significance.

Confronting Delinquency: Probations Officers’ Use of Coercion and Client-Centered Tactics to Foster Youth Compliance
Craig S. Schwalbe and Tina Maschi

Youthful compliance with juvenile court mandates is a cornerstone of effective probation practice. Despite this, research has not examined probation strategies for encouraging and enforcing youthful compliance with probation conditions. This study describes the use of confrontational tactics and client-centered approaches reported by probation officers in their supervision of delinquent youths. The study was conducted with data from a Web-based survey of probation (N = 308). Results indicate that officers balanced confrontational approaches with client-centered approaches. Officers employed confrontational tactics more frequently than client-centered strategies for youths with substance use problems, with younger youths, and with African American females. Alternatively, officers reported more client-centered approaches with females who had higher histories of prior service utilization and with youths who were perceived by officers to be honest. These findings open new avenues for research on the effectiveness of confrontation and client-centered approaches toward an evidence base for effective probation practice.

Crime & Delinquency, September 2011: Volume 57, Issue 5

Criminology 49(3)

2011-08-21T18:01:00.000-04:00

Spreading The Wealth: The Effect Of The Distribution Of Income And Race/Ethnicity Across Households And Neighborhoods On City Crime Trajectories
John R. Hipp

This study tests the effect of the composition and distribution of economic resources and race/ethnicity in cities, as well as how they are geographically distributed within these cities, on crime rates during a 30-year period. Using data on 352 cities from 1970 to 2000 in metropolitan areas that experienced a large growth in population after World War II, this study theorizes that the effect of racial/ethnic or economic segregation on crime is stronger in cities in which race/ethnicity or income are more salient (because of greater heterogeneity or inequality). We test and find that higher levels of segregation in cities with high levels of racial/ethnic heterogeneity lead to particularly high overall levels of the types of crime studied here (aggravated assaults, robberies, burglaries, and motor vehicle thefts). Similarly, higher levels of economic segregation lead to much higher levels of crime in cities with higher levels of inequality.

Testing A Bayesian Learning Theory Of Deterrence Among Serious Juvenile Offenders
Shamena Anwar and Thomas A. Loughran

The effect of criminal experience on risk perceptions is of central importance to deterrence theory but has been vastly understudied. This article develops a realistic Bayesian learning model of how individuals will update their risk perceptions over time in response to the signals they receive during their offending experiences. This model implies a simple function that we estimate to determine the deterrent effect of an arrest. We find that an individual who commits one crime and is arrested will increase his or her perceived probability of being caught by 6.3 percent compared with if he or she had not been arrested. We also find evidence that the more informative the signal received by an individual is, the more he or she will respond to it, which is consistent with more experienced offenders responding less to an arrest than less experienced offenders do. Parsing our results out by type of crime indicates that an individual who is arrested for an aggressive crime will increase both his or her aggressive crime risk perception as well as his or her income-generating crime risk perception, although the magnitude of the former may be slightly larger. This implies that risk perception updating, and thus potentially deterrence, may be partially, although not completely, crime specific.

The Cultural Context Of Adolescent Drinking And Violence In 30 European Countries
Richard B. Felson, Jukka Savolainen, Thoroddur Bjarnason, Amy L. Anderson and I. Tusty Zohra

Cross-national variation in the effect of alcohol on adolescent violence is examined with survey data from 30 European countries. The data are analyzed using a method that makes it possible to isolate the nonspurious portion of the alcohol–violence relationship in different countries. In addition, multilevel models are used to estimate the effects of region and contextual measures of adolescent drinking on the alcohol–violence relationship. The evidence suggests that drinking has a strong effect on adolescent violence in the Nordic and Eastern European countries but has little or no effect in the Mediterranean countries. In the Mediterranean countries, where adolescents drink frequently but in moderation, the relationship between alcohol use and violence is almost entirely spurious. Findings suggest that the observed pattern is due to regional differences in the tendency for adolescents and their peers to drink to intoxication, as well as in their tendency to become intoxicated in settings where adult guardianship is absent.

Informal Control And Illicit Drug Trade
Scott Jacques and Richard Wright

Antidrug legislation and enforcement are meant to reduce the trade in illegal drugs by increasing their price. Yet the unintended consequence is an increase in informal control—including retaliation, negotiation, avoidance, and toleration—among drug users and dealers. Little existing theory or research has explored the connections between informal control and drug trading. This article uses the rational choice and opportunity perspectives to explore the question: How and why does the frequency and seriousness of popular justice—as a whole or for each form—affect the price and rate of drug sales? The proposed theory is grounded on and illustrated with qualitative data obtained from drug dealers. This article concludes by discussing the scholarly and policy implications.

Predicting The Violent Offender:The Discriminant Validity Of The Subculture Of Violence
Jean Marie Mcgloin, Christopher J. Schreck, Eric A. Stewart and Graham C. Ousey

This study tests the extent to which an adherence to the subculture of violence uniquely predicts a tendency to favor violence or instead predicts a more generalized offending repertoire, of which violence is part. Specifically, we use a unique analytic technique that provides the opportunity to distinguish empirically between the “violent offender” and/or the “frequent offender.” The results suggest that holding values favorable toward violence consistently predicts general offending but do not identify youth who systematically favor violence over nonviolence. This discussion considers the impact of these findings for the continued utility of the subculture of violence perspective.

The Philadelphia Foot Patrol Experiment: A Randomized Controlled Trial Of Police Patrol Effectiveness In Violent Crime Hotspots
Jerry H. Ratcliffe, Travis Taniguchi, Elizabeth R. Groff and Jennifer D. Wood

Originating with the Newark, NJ, foot patrol experiment, research has found police foot patrols improve community perception of the police and reduce fear of crime, but they are generally unable to reduce the incidence of crime. Previous tests of foot patrol have, however, suffered from statistical and measurement issues and have not fully explored the potential dynamics of deterrence within microspatial settings. In this article, we report on the efforts of more than 200 foot patrol officers during the summer of 2009 in Philadelphia. Geographic information systems (GIS) analysis was the basis for a randomized controlled trial of police effectiveness across 60 violent crime hotspots. The results identified a significant reduction in the level of treatment area violent crime after 12 weeks. A linear regression model with separate slopes fitted for treatment and control groups clarified the relationship even more. Even after accounting for natural regression to the mean, target areas in the top 40 percent on pretreatment violent crime counts had significantly less violent crime during the operational period. Target areas outperformed the control sites by 23 percent, resulting in a total net effect (once displacement was considered) of 53 violent crimes prevented. The results suggest that targeted foot patrols in violent crime hotspots can significantly reduce violent crime levels as long as a threshold level of violence exists initially. The findings contribute to a growing body of evidence on the contribution of hotspots and place-based policing to the reduction of crime, and especially violent crime, which is a significant public health threat in the United States. We suggest that intensive foot patrol efforts in violent hotspots may achieve deterrence at a microspatial level, primarily by increasing the certainty of disruption, apprehension, and arrest. The theoretical and practical implications for violence reduction are discussed.

A Longitudinal Test Of Social Disorganization Theory: Feedback Effects Among Cohesion, Social Control, And Disorder
Wouter Steenbeek and John R. Hipp

Social disorganization theory holds that neighborhoods with greater residential stability, higher socioeconomic status, and more ethnic homogeneity experience less disorder because these neighborhoods have higher social cohesion and exercise more social control. Recent extensions of the theory argue that disorder in turn affects these structural characteristics and mechanisms. Using a data set on 74 neighborhoods in the city of Utrecht in the Netherlands spanning 10 years, we tested the extended theory, which to date only a few studies have been able to do because of the unavailability of neighborhood-level longitudinal data. We also improve on previous studies by distinguishing between the potential for social control (feelings of responsibility) and the actual social control behavior. Cross-sectional analyses replicate earlier findings, but the results of longitudinal cross-lagged models suggest that disorder has large consequences for subsequent levels of social control and residential instability, thus leading to more disorder. This is in contrast to most previous studies, which assume disorder to be more a consequence than a cause. This study underlines the importance of longitudinal data, allowing for simultaneously testing the causes and consequences of disorder, as well as the importance of breaking down social control into the two dimensions of the potential for social control and the actual social control behavior.

Neighborhood Context And Nonlinear Peer Effects On Adolescent Violent Crime
Gregory M. Zimmerman and Steven F. Messner

Although evidence of the strong correlation between deviant behavior and exposure to deviant peers is overwhelming, researchers have yet to investigate whether a nonlinear functional form better captures this relationship than does a linear form. Researchers also have yet to examine the extent to which peer effects vary as a function of the neighborhood context. To address these issues, we use data from the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods (PHDCN) to examine 1) the functional form of the relationship between peer violence exposure and self-reported violent crime and 2) the extent to which the effect of exposure to violent peers on violence is ecologically structured. Estimates from logistic hierarchical models indicate that the effect of peer violence exposure on violent crime decreases at higher values of peer violence, as reflected in a nonlinear relationship (expressed in terms of log-odds). Furthermore, exposure to violent peers increases along with neighborhood disadvantage, and the effect of peer violence exposure on violent crime is attenuated as neighborhood disadvantage increases, which is reflected in a cross-level peer violence/disadvantage interaction.

Research Note: The Utility Of The Deviant Case In The Development Of Criminological Theory
Christopher J. Sullivan

This article asserts that the deviant case method offers a potential avenue for enhancing theory directed at explaining crime by using more available information to better connect the process of analyzing cases with that of explanatory refinement and elaboration. This approach has facilitated theoretical development in other social sciences and has proven useful where applied in criminological inquiry. Extant research is reviewed, and an empirical example is presented to demonstrate how this approach might be operationalized in criminological inquiry using quantitative methods. Conclusions relevant to future research are considered.

Criminology, August 2011: Volume 49, Issue 3

Journal of Quantitative Criminology 27(3)

2011-08-21T17:57:00.000-04:00

How Do They ‘End Up Together’? A Social Network Analysis of Self-Control, Homophily, and Adolescent Relationships
Jacob T. N. Young

Self-control theory (Gottfredson and Hirschi 1990) argues that individuals with similar attributes tend to ‘end up together’ (i.e., homophily) because of the tendency to select friends based on self-control. Studies documenting homophily in peer groups interpret the correlation between self-control, peer delinquency, and self-reported delinquency as evidence that self-control is an influential factor in friendship formation. However, past studies are limited because they do not directly test the hypothesis that self-control influences friendship selection, nor do they account for other mechanisms that may influence decisions. As a result, it is unclear whether the correlation between individual and peer behavior is the result of selection based on self-control or alternative mechanisms. To address this gap in the literature this study employs exponential random graph modeling to test hypotheses derived from self-control theory using approximately 63,000 respondents from 59 schools from the National Longitudinal Survey of Adolescent Health (Add Health). In contrast to the predictions made by Gottfredson and Hirschi (1990), and the conclusions drawn from prior research, there is little evidence that self-control influences friendship selection. The findings are embedded in past work on the relationship between self-control and peer relationships, and implications for future research are discussed.

The Distribution of Police Protection
David Thacher

This paper investigates the distribution of police protection in the United States by race and class. By examining police employment and demographic data for every general-service police jurisdiction in the US, I find that poor and heavily-nonwhite jurisdictions employ far fewer officers per crime than wealthy and white jurisdictions do. That finding contrasts with an older body of literature on the distribution of police protection, which examined the distribution of police resources across neighborhoods within individual cities and found little inequality. I also find that inequality in police protection has grown since 1970—a finding that contrasts with the increasingly equal distribution of resources for education, the other major claim on local government revenues—largely because criminal victimization became more concentrated in disadvantaged communities. (In the process, I find that contrary to widespread impressions, the crime rate fell very little in the most disadvantaged jurisdictions from 1980 to 2000, and violent crime actually increased). Finally, by examining data about federal grant programs, I find that the rise of federal contributions to local policing in the 1990s slowed the growth of inequality somewhat, suggesting that revenue-sharing has a real but modest role to play in reducing inequality in police protection. Together these findings highlight a neglected aspect of equality in criminal justice.

Are US Crime Rates Really Unit Root Processes?
Jemma Cook and Steve Cook

Existing research has uncovered little evidence against the hypothesis of US crime rates being unit root processes, despite the uncomfortable implications of this assumption. In light of this, the present paper draws upon noted changes in the temporal patterns of US crime rates since 1960 to undertake an informed approach to testing of the unit root hypothesis which incorporates two potential points of structural change. The results obtained show the unit root hypothesis to be rejected for all classifications of criminal activity examined over the period 1960 to 2007. In addition, the dates of the detected breakpoints are supported by a variety of arguments available in the existing criminology literature concerning alternative determinants of crime and their movements. Interestingly, a difference is observed in the nature of the breaks detected for violent and property crimes. However, potential explanations for this are again found in theoretical arguments available in the criminology literature. Finally, the implications of the current findings for the properties of crime, its subsequent statistical analysis and past and future research are discussed.

The Relationship Between Crime and Electronic Gaming Expenditure: Evidence from Victoria, Australia
Sarah A. Wheeler, David K. Round and John K. Wilson

Gambling in Australia is a significant economic activity. Expenditure on its many forms is sizeable and has undergone sustained periods of expansion. At the same time, the structure of the gambling industry has undergone substantial change, with the use of gaming facilities in local hotels and licensed clubs now representing one of the most predominant forms of gambling. Despite this, and the extensive international literature on the relationships between gambling and crime, there have been relatively few studies which examine the local area effects of gaming establishments on crime in Australia. This study uses a unique set of data from the Australian state of Victoria, a region in which local area expansion of gaming networks has been considerable since 1991, to investigate the relationship between gaming machine expenditure and various types of crime in 1996, 2001 and 2006. One particular focus is that of income-generating crime, defined here as theft, fraud, breaking and entering, forgery, false pretences, larceny and robbery. After controlling for a host of statistical issues, our results indicate a consistent positive and significant relationship between gaming and crime rates, especially income-generating crime rates, at the local level.

Risk Clusters, Hotspots, and Spatial Intelligence: Risk Terrain Modeling as an Algorithm for Police Resource Allocation Strategies
Leslie W. Kennedy, Joel M. Caplan and Eric Piza

The study reported here follows the suggestion by Caplan et al. (Justice Q, 2010) that risk terrain modeling (RTM) be developed by doing more work to elaborate, operationalize, and test variables that would provide added value to its application in police operations. Building on the ideas presented by Caplan et al., we address three important issues related to RTM that sets it apart from current approaches to spatial crime analysis. First, we address the selection criteria used in determining which risk layers to include in risk terrain models. Second, we compare the “best model” risk terrain derived from our analysis to the traditional hotspot density mapping technique by considering both the statistical power and overall usefulness of each approach. Third, we test for “risk clusters” in risk terrain maps to determine how they can be used to target police resources in a way that improves upon the current practice of using density maps of past crime in determining future locations of crime occurrence. This paper concludes with an in depth exploration of how one might develop strategies for incorporating risk terrains into police decision-making. RTM can be developed to the point where it may be more readily adopted by police crime analysts and enable police to be more effectively proactive and identify areas with the greatest probability of becoming locations for crime in the future. The targeting of police interventions that emerges would be based on a sound understanding of geographic attributes and qualities of space that connect to crime outcomes and would not be the result of identifying individuals from specific groups or characteristics of people as likely candidates for crime, a tactic that has led police agencies to be accused of profiling. In addition, place-based interventions may offer a more efficient method of impacting crime than efforts focused on individuals.

How do Visitors Affect Crime?
Earl L. Grinols, David B. Mustard and Melissa Staha

This paper, which uses data on National Park visitors between 1979 and 1998 and every county in the United States, is the most exhaustive examination to date of how visitors affect crime. After controlling for many other factors that influence crime, the county-level regressions consistently indicate that national park visitors have no effect on either property or violent crime. These results are true for a variety of different measures of park visitors, for different empirical specifications, and for different regression formats. We therefore conclude that some visitor types have no impact on crime. This conclusion sheds light on the empirical issue of whether only some types of recreational visitors increase crime or whether visitors, regardless of their type, necessarily increase crime.

The Series Hazard Model: An Alternative to Time Series for Event Data
Laura Dugan

An important pursuit by a body of criminological research is its endeavor to determine whether interventions or policy changes effectively achieve their intended goals. Because theories predict that interventions could either improve or worsen outcomes, estimators designed to improve the accuracy of identifying program or policy effects are in demand. This article introduces the series hazard model as an alternative to interrupted time series when testing for the effects of an intervention on event-based outcomes. It compares the two approaches through an example that examines the effects of two interventions on aerial hijacking. While series hazard modeling may not be appropriate for all event-based time series data or every context, it is a robust alternative that allows for greater flexibility in many contexts.

Journal of Quantitative Criminology, September 2011: Volume 27, Issue 3

American Sociological Review 76(4)

2011-08-21T17:53:00.000-04:00

Unions, Norms, and the Rise in U.S. Wage Inequality
Bruce Western and Jake Rosenfeld

From 1973 to 2007, private sector union membership in the United States declined from 34 to 8 percent for men and from 16 to 6 percent for women. During this period, inequality in hourly wages increased by over 40 percent. We report a decomposition, relating rising inequality to the union wage distribution’s shrinking weight. We argue that unions helped institutionalize norms of equity, reducing the dispersion of nonunion wages in highly unionized regions and industries. Accounting for unions’ effect on union and nonunion wages suggests that the decline of organized labor explains a fifth to a third of the growth in inequality—an effect comparable to the growing stratification of wages by education.

Income Dynamics, Economic Rents, and the Financialization of the U.S. Economy
Donald Tomaskovic-Devey and Ken-Hou Lin

The 2008 collapse of the world financial system, while proximately linked to the housing bubble and risk-laden mortgage backed securities, was a consequence of the financialization of the U.S. economy since the 1970s. This article examines the institutional and income dynamics associated with the financialization of the U.S. economy, advancing a sociological explanation of income shifts into the finance sector. Complementary developments include banking deregulation, finance industry concentration, increased size and scope of institutional investors, the shareholder value movement, and dominance of the neoliberal policy model. As a result, we estimate that between 5.8 and 6.6 trillion dollars were transferred to the finance sector since 1980. We conclude that understanding inequality dynamics requires attention to market institutions and politics.

Cohesion, Cooperation, and the Value of Doing Things Together: How Economic Exchange Creates Relational Bonds
Ko Kuwabara

A recent debate in sociological exchange theory concerns which form of exchange is likely to promote cohesion in exchange relations. One side maintains that bilateral exchange, often associated with economic transactions, entails joint action to share mutual benefits, contributing more to feelings of cohesion than do independent acts of unilateral giving from one person to another, typical of social exchange. The other side argues that bilateral exchange requires dividing resources under binding terms of exchange, which strains relationships by underscoring competitive aspects of exchange. The present study reconciles these divergent claims by testing a new model of exchange that combines key propositions from past theories to specify when bilateral exchange promotes or undermines cohesion. Results from two laboratory experiments provide support for the model’s core claim that cooperative forms of bilateral exchange can reinforce cohesion more than unilateral exchange does, contrary to the enduring assumption that economic exchange undermines relational bonds.

Schools for Democracy: Labor Union Participation and Latino Immigrant Parents School-Based Civic Engagement
Veronica Terriquez

Scholars have long argued that civic organizations play a vital role in developing members’ civic capacity. Yet few empirical studies examine how and the extent to which civic skills transfer across distinct and separate civic contexts. Focusing on Latino immigrant members of a Los Angeles janitors’ labor union, this article fills a void by investigating union members’ involvement in an independent civic arena—their children’s schools. Analyses of random sample survey and semi-structured interview data demonstrate that labor union experience does not simply lead to more civic engagement, as previous research might suggest. Rather, conceptual distinctions must be made between active and inactive union members and between different types of civic engagement. Results show that active union members are not particularly involved in plug-in types of involvement, which are typically defined and dictated by school personnel. Instead, active union members tend to become involved in critical forms of engagement that allow them to voice their interests and exercise leadership. Furthermore, findings suggest that the problem solving, advocacy, and organizing skills acquired through union participation do not uniformly influence members’ civic engagement. Experience in a social movement union serves as a catalyst for civic engagement for some, while it enhances the leadership capacity of others.

Learning to Be Illegal: Undocumented Youth and Shifting Legal Contexts in the Transition to Adulthood
Roberto G. Gonzales

This article examines the transition to adulthood among 1.5-generation undocumented Latino young adults. For them, the transition to adulthood involves exiting the legally protected status of K to 12 students and entering into adult roles that require legal status as the basis for participation. This collision among contexts makes for a turbulent transition and has profound implications for identity formation, friendship patterns, aspirations and expectations, and social and economic mobility. Undocumented children move from protected to unprotected, from inclusion to exclusion, from de facto legal to illegal. In the process, they must learn to be illegal, a transformation that involves the almost complete retooling of daily routines, survival skills, aspirations, and social patterns. These findings have important implications for studies of the 1.5- and second-generations and the specific and complex ways in which legal status intervenes in their coming of age. The article draws on 150 interviews with undocumented 1.5-generation young adult Latinos in Southern California.

Toward a Theory of Cultural Appropriation: Buddhism, the Vietnam War, and the Field of U.S. Poetry
Baris Büyükokutan

Culture and politics have a close relationship, but how exactly does the cultural become the political? This article builds a theoretical framework for this question by examining Vietnam-era U.S. poets’ politicization of Buddhism at the expense of more effective or more easily controllable discursive resources. I find, first, that outcomes depend on whether would-be appropriators and legitimate owners of the appropriated resource can strike a mutually beneficial bargain. Second, whether two such distinct parties emerge depends on how tightly contexts of the appropriation process are linked. Consequently, appropriation is best understood as reciprocal exchange.

American Sociological Review, August 2011: Volume 76, Issue 4

Journal of Criminal Justice 39(4)

2011-08-21T17:50:00.000-04:00

New frontiers in criminal careers research, 2000–2011: A state-of-the-art review
Matt DeLisi, Alex R. Piquero

Criminal careers research is increasingly aligning with self-control theory, psychopathy, the developmental taxonomy, and biosocial criminology. Criminal careers research is poised to combine with developmental psychopathology research to offer a full life-course understanding of crime. Career criminals are analogous to allied constructs in clinical psychology that point to pathological and extreme antisocial conduct for a small subset of criminal offenders.

Life domains and crime: A test of Agnew's general theory of crime and delinquency
Fawn T. Ngo, Raymond Paternoster, Francis T. Cullen, Doris Layton Mackenzie

We conduct a preliminary test of Agnew's general theory of crime and delinquency. Whether each of the five life domain variables is related to recidivism. Whether there is a non-linear relationship between the life domains and recidivism. Whether the five life domains interact in causing recidivism. Only two life domains are significant and none of the interactions are significant.

The effect of perceived risk and victimization on plans to purchase a gun for self-protection
Gary Kleck, Tomislav Kovandzic, Mark Saber, Will Hauser

We studied the impact of prior victimization and perceived risk on gun ownership. The main problem is that gun ownership can affect crime risk, victimization. We solved this problem by relating plans to get guns to risk and victimization. Crime risk, prior victimization have significant positive effects on gun ownership.

What works (or doesn't) in a DUI court? An example of expedited case processing
Jeffrey A. Bouffard, Leana A. Bouffard

The expedited case processing docket for DUI significantly reduced the number of DUI case filings. There was no effect of the DUI court docket on the number of alcohol-involved collisions. The expedited court docket reduced case processing time as intended. Certainty did not change, and severity declined during the time period.

Personality, antisocial behavior, and aggression: A meta-analytic review
Shayne E. Jones, Joshua D. Miller, Donald R. Lynam

Sustaining families, dissuading crime: The effectiveness of a family preservation program with male delinquents
Brie Diamond, Robert G. Morris, Jonathan W. Caudill

Deficits in family functioning have been linked with delinquent behavior. Family Preservation aims to reduce recidivism by addressing family problems. This study analyzes the effectiveness of FP with male juvenile delinquents. The results fails to provide support for the use of FP with male delinquents. Results highlight the importance of treatment fidelity in CJ programs.

Population heterogeneity, state dependence and sexual offender recidivism: The aging process and the lost predictive impact of prior criminal charges over time
Joanna Amirault, Patrick Lussier

Population heterogeneity and state dependent models were explored with sex offenders Prior offending in early adulthood loses its predictive value with the passage of time Most recent offenses in the period considered were most predictive of recidivism Offender age at release and educational achievement were associated with recidivism Risk assessment should consider both the age and the passage of time to assess risk of reoffending

Incarceration, education and transition from delinquency
Thomas G. Blomberg, William D. Bales, Karen Mann, Alex R. Piquero, Richard A. Berk

Much of what is known regarding the transition away from crime is limited to young adulthood, specific life events and general population samples. This study assesses the links between educational achievement, post-release schooling, and re-arrest for a cohort of incarcerated youths from Florida juvenile institutions and followed for two years post-release. Results indicate that youths with higher educational achievement are more likely to return to school after release, and those youths who returned to and attended school regularly were less likely to be rearrested. Among youths who were rearrested, those youth who attended school regularly following release were arrested for significantly less serious offenses compared to youths who did not attend school or attended less regularly. The study highlight educational achievement as an important turning point for juvenile offenders as they transition into young adulthood.

Journal of Criminal Justice, July 2011: Volume 39, Issue 4

The ANNALS of the AAPSS 637

2011-08-21T17:46:00.001-04:00

Race, Religion, and Late Democracy

Introduction: Democracy’s Anxious Returns
David Kyuman Kim and John L. Jackson, Jr.

"Look, Baby, We Got Jesus on Our Flag": Robust Democracy and Religious Debate from the Era of Slavery to the Age of Obama
Edward J. Blum

Forerunner: The Campaigns and Career of Edward Brooke
Jason Sokol

Iran’s French Revolution: Religion, Philosophy, and Crowds
Roxanne Varzi

Democracy’s New Song: Black Reconstruction in America, 1860–1880 and the Melodramatic Imagination
Marina Bilbija

Habits of the Heart: Youth Religious Participation as Progress, Peril, or Change?
Monica R. Miller and Ezekiel J. Dixon-Roman

Populism and Late Liberalism: A Special Affinity?
Jean Comroff

Chadors, Feminists, Terror: The Racial Politics of U.S. Media Representations of the 1979 Iranian Women’s Movement
Sylvia Chan-Malik

The End of Neoliberalism?: What Is Left of the Left
John Comaroff

Religion as Race, Recognition as Democracy: Lemba "Black Jews" in South Africa
Noah Tamarkin

The Race toward Caraqueño Citizenship: Negotiating Race, Class, and Participatory Democracy
Giles Harrison-Conwill

The Racialization of Islam in American Law
Neil Gotanda

The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, September 2011: Volume 637

Journal of Research on Crime and Delinquency 48(3)

2011-07-27T10:03:00.000-04:00

Gang Set Space, Drug Markets, and Crime around Drug Corners in Camden
Travis A. Taniguchi, Jerry H. Ratcliffe, and Ralph B. Taylor

Gang set space is defined as ‘‘the actual area within the neighborhood where gang members come together as a gang’’ (Tita, Cohen, and Engberg 2005:280). The current article examines one subarea of gang set space: where gangs maintain street corner-centered open-air drug markets. Two types of corners—corner markets dominated by one gang and corner markets with multiple gangs—were contrasted with one another and with non-gang, non-dealing corners. Functional and corporate perspectives on gangs would both predict single gang corner markets to have lower violent and property crime than non-gang corners, whereas a traditional view would predict more violence. Territorial and economic competition models expect the highest crime levels around corner markets occupied by multiple gangs. Using Thiessen polygons to define the sphere of influence of each corner, and controlling for community demographic fabric and nearby crime, results showed higher crime counts around space used for drug distribution and higher still when the set space was occupied by multiple drug gangs. Further, crime counts were higher in less stable locales. The portions of drug gang set space centered on small, known, open-air corner drug markets, especially when control is questioned, link to more crime.

Gang Membership and Race as Risk Factors for Juvenile Arrest
Michael Tapia

This study addresses the link between gang membership and arrest frequency, exploring the Gang × Race interaction on those arrests. The focus on youth’s earliest point of contact with the juvenile justice system corresponds to the latest priority of the federal initiative on Disproportionate Minority Contact (DMC). Using Poisson regression to analyze longitudinal data on a representative sample of U.S. teens, results support both main effects and interaction hypotheses. Gang membership, racial minority status, and their interaction each increase the risk of arrest, controlling for other demographic and legal items. Results suggest that bias against these groups is most pronounced with less serious crimes. Main effects for Black youth are stronger than for Hispanic youth, underscoring the importance of conducting tests for each minority group separately. Interactions for Black and Hispanic gang youth are equally robust, suggesting they warrant similar priority in policy initiatives to reduce DMC.

Theft in Price-Volatile Markets: On the Relationship between Copper Price and Copper Theft
Aiden Sidebottom, Jyoti Belur, Kate Bowers, Lisa Tompson, and Shane D. Johnson

Recently, against a backdrop of general reductions in acquisitive crime, increases have been observed in the frequency of metal theft offences. This is generally attributed to increases in metal prices in response to global demand exceeding supply. The main objective of this article was to examine the relationship between the price of copper and levels of copper theft, focusing specifically on copper cable theft from the British railway network. Results indicated a significant positive correlation between lagged increases in copper price and copper cable theft. No support was found for rival hypotheses concerning U.K. unemployment levels and the general popularity of theft as crime type. An ancillary aim was to explore offender modus operandi over time, which is discussed in terms of its implications for preventing copper cable theft. The authors finish with a discussion of theft of other commodities in price-volatile markets.

Influence or Convenience? Disentangling Peer Influence and Co-offending for Chronic offenders
Jean Marie McGloin and Wendy Povitsky Stickle

Both developmental and propensity theories root the etiology of chronic offending in factors other than peer influence. This does not mean that peers have no role in the expression of chronic offending, however. For instance, scholars have noted that offending with accomplices (i.e., co-offending) can reflect processes other than normative influence, such as selection and cooperation. Drawing from these notions, this investigation hypothesizes that chronic offenders will be less likely to cite peer influence as a reason for their deviance when compared to other offenders, whereas they will be equally likely to engage in group offending. The analysis uses information from the Racine cohort data and the results support the hypothesis. The discussion considers the implications of these findings for theory and research, as well as provides directions for future work.

Are Similar Sex Offenders Treated Similarly? A Conjunctive Analysis of Disparities in Community Notification Decisions
Deborah Koetzle Shaffer and Terance D. Miethe

Using a sample of sex offenders in the state of Washington, the current study examines the nature and magnitude of disparities in notification decisions among distinct groups of sex offenders. The method of conjunctive analysis is used to describe the extent to which similar types of sex offenders (i.e., groups of sex offenders that share similar sets of risk factors for re-offending) are treated similarly in notification decisions. The observed patterns of widespread disparities in these decisions among distinct composite profiles of sex offenders are then discussed in terms of their implications for future research on evaluating disparity in criminal processing, the collateral consequences of notification decisions, and ongoing public policy on the control and management of sex offenders.

Examining Juvenile Delinquency within Activity Space: Building a Context for Offender Travel Patterns
Gisela Bichler, Jill Christie-Merrall, and Dale Sechrest

Researchers modeling offender travel patterns typically assume that crime locations are well within the offenders’ activity space. Using information about the places frequented by 2,563 delinquent youths residing in Southern California, this study examined distances traveled to delinquent and nondelinquent hangout locations. Travel to known delinquent sites was substantively farther from home than expected and exhibited a segmented nonlinear curve, joining logarithmic and negative exponential functions. Significant variation was found for place-specific (trip distance) and person-specific (individual travel) distances by city classification, travel method, and age cohort; age effects disappeared in multivariate analyses. Several implications follow, highlighting the need to infuse a place-oriented approach to studying journey-to-crime.

Journal of Research on Crime and Delinquency, August 2011: Volume 48, Issue 3

Criminology & Public Policy 10(3)

2011-07-27T10:00:00.000-04:00

Special Issue on Mass Incarceration

The past, present, and future of mass incarceration in the United States
Marie Gottschalk

Monetary Sanctions As Misguided Policy

On cash and conviction
Katherine Beckett and Alexes Harris

Substantial fees and fines now are now routinely imposed by courts and other criminal justice agencies across the United States. This article summarizes research on the imposition of monetary sanctions in the United States and shows how they differ from European day fines. In the contemporary United States, court-imposed legal financial obligations supplement other criminal penalties in the majority of felony and misdemeanor cases. Judges impose many fees and fines at their discretion, and evidence from Washington State indicates that extralegal factors–including ethnicity–influence their assessment. Many states have also authorized jails, departments of correction, and probation offices to levy fees. In the United States, fees and fine amounts are determined by statute and are not tethered to defendants’ earnings. Recent studies suggest that the assessment of these penalties often generate long-term debts that are sizeable relative to expected earnings and impede reintegration.

This essay contends that the disadvantages of the widespread and discretionary imposition of substantial and supplementary financial penalties outweigh any benefits associated with this practice. Proponents of correctional and court fees argue that offenders—not taxpayers—should pay for the cost of punishing their misdeeds. The idea that offenders should foot the bill for criminal justice expenditures is a moral and political claim, one that likely has broad appeal. Nonetheless, this claim is in tension with at least two other important principles. First, public criminal law systems rest on the premise that crime is mainly a wrong against the state; violations of criminal law are thought to be significant enough to warrant the state's usurpation of the dispute resolution process. Compelling defendants to reimburse the state for its criminal justice expenditures is in tension with this principle. Moreover, unlike users of other services for which fees are assessed, penal targets are compelled to partake of these services; they cannot use fewer of them or look for an alternative provider of them. It can be argued that if the state compels penal targets to use (often expensive and ineffective) state “services,” then the government is obligated to pay for them. Indeed, this fiscal obligation is arguably an important check on government power.

Fixing the Broken System of Financial Sanctions
Traci R. Burch

Politicizing the case for fines
Pat O’Malley

A new punishment regime
Mary Fainsod Katzenstein and Mitali Nagrecha

The abolition of fines and fees
R. Barry Ruback

Justice Reinvestment

A private-sector, incentives-based model for justice reinvestment
Todd R. Clear

Justice reinvestment is a recent strategy designed to reduce the use of incarceration and divert the savings to improve the circumstances of communities that have high incarceration rates. More than a dozen states have mounted justice reinvestment projects. While support for justice reinvestment remains high, actual results have been mixed. In particular, the “community reinvestment” aspect of justice reinvestment has been disappointing. An approach that focuses on the private sector and creates incentives for private justice reinvestment could resolve some of these current limitations of the method.

Advocates for justice reinvestment would be able to address some of the problems in the approach by developing financial incentives that involve the private sector in justice reinvestment activity.

Encouraging innovation on the foundation of evidence
James H. Burch, II

Justice reinvestment and the use of imprisonment
Rob Allen

Making imprisonment unprofitable
James Austin

Making peace, not a desert
Michael Tonry

Justice reinvestment in community supervision
Mark A. R. Kleiman

Lessons for justice reinvestment from restorative justice and the justice model experience
Shadd Maruna

American Penal Overindulgence

Mass incarceration, legal change, and locale
Mona Lynch

In this article, I have three major aims. First, I examine in detail the role that changes to legal policies and practice have played in the rise of mass incarceration. I look at four distinct aspects of legal change and argue that the law (and legal change) in these varied forms is the engine that has driven prison growth and, therefore, must be addressed in explanations of this phenomenon. This discussion leads to my second major goal, which is to move beyond national-level explanations of American mass incarceration and call for a more unified empirically based understanding that highlights the localized social, cultural, and political factors that have contributed to the imprisonment explosion. I conclude by exploring how this kind of theorization provides a road map to a more localized policy reform strategy that aims to reduce our reliance on incarceration.

Addressing the political environment shaping mass incarceration
Marc Mauer

Leaving mass incarceration
Karol Lucken

Putting politics in penal policy reform
Heather Schoenfeld

The local and the legal (pages 725–732)
Lisa L. Miller

Prison Officer Unions

Prison Officer Unions and the Perpetuation of the Penal Status Quo
Joshua Page

An unintended consequence of mass imprisonment is the growth of prison officer unions. This article shows how successful corrections unions in states like California and New York obstruct efforts to implement sentencing reforms, shutter prisons, and slash corrections budgets. They impede downsizing-oriented reforms by generating or exacerbating fear among voters and politicians. Policy makers in key states must overcome resistance from prison officer unions to downscale prisons. Through a combination of accommodation and confrontation, policy makers can relax opposition from the officer organizations and undertake prison downsizing efforts without busting the unions.

Downsizing the carceral state
Heather Ann Thompson

American imprisonment and prison officers’ unions
Anthony N. Doob and Rosemary Gartner

Mass Imprisonment and Childhood Behavior Problems

Mass imprisonment and racial disparities in childhood behavioral problems
Sara Wakefield and Christopher Wildeman

This essay provides estimates of the influence of mass imprisonment on racial disparities in childhood well-being. To do so, we integrate results from three existing studies in a novel way. The first two studies use two contemporary, broadly representative data sets to estimate the effects of paternal incarceration on a range of child behavioral and mental health problems. The third study estimates changes in Black–White disparities in the risk of paternal imprisonment across the 1978 and 1990 American birth cohorts. Our research demonstrates the following: (1) The average effect of paternal incarceration on children is harmful, not helpful, and consistently in the direction of more mental health and behavioral problems. (2) The rapid increase in the use of imprisonment coupled with significant racial disparities in the likelihood of paternal (and maternal) imprisonment are linked to large racial disparities in childhood mental health and behavioral problems. (3) We find that mass imprisonment might have increased Black–White inequities in externalizing behaviors by 14–26% and in internalizing behaviors by 25–45%.

Our results add to a growing research literature indicating that the costs associated with mass imprisonment extend far beyond well-documented impacts on current inmates. The legacy of mass incarceration will be continued and worsening racial disparities in childhood mental health and well-being, educational attainment, and occupational attainment. Moreover, the negative effects of mass imprisonment for childhood well-being are likely to remain, even if incarceration rates returned to pre-1970s levels. Our results show that paternal incarceration exacerbates child behavioral and mental health problems and that large, growing racial disparities in the risk of imprisonment have contributed to significant racial differences in child well-being. The policy implications of our work are as follows: (1) Estimates of the costs associated with the current scale of imprisonment are likely to be severely underestimated because they do not account for the significant indirect effects of mass incarceration for children, for families, and for other social institutions such as the educational system and social service providers. (2) Policies that reduce incarceration rates for nonviolent offenders with no history of domestic violence will most dramatically reduce the effects of mass incarceration on childhood racial inequality. More research is needed to detail other important factors (e.g., crime type, criminal history, or gender of parent) that condition the effect of paternal incarceration on children. (3) Paternal incarceration effects target the most disadvantaged and vulnerable of children and are likely to result in long-term behavioral health problems. We propose a strengthening of the social safety net—especially as it applies to the poorest children—and programs that address the complicated needs of children of incarcerated parents.

The incarceration ledger
Robert J. Sampson

Is the devil in the details?
Candace Kruttschnitt

Taking children into account
Megan Comfort, Anne M. Nurse, Tasseli McKay and Katie Kramer

The consequences of incarceration
Michael Massoglia and Cody Warner

Countering the carceral continuum
Carla Shedd

Criminology & Public Policy, August 2011: Volume 10, Issue 3

Annual Review of Sociology 37

2011-07-27T09:51:00.000-04:00

Prefatory Chapters

Reflections on a Sociological Career that Integrates Social Science with Social Policy
William Julius Wilson

Emotional Life on the Market Frontier
Arlie Hochschild

Theory and Methods

Foucault and Sociology
Michael Power

How to Conduct a Mixed Methods Study: Recent Trends in a Rapidly Growing Literature
Mario Luis Small

Social Theory and Public Opinion
Andrew J. Perrin and Katherine McFarland

The Sociology of Storytelling
Francesca Polletta, Pang Ching Bobby Chen, Beth Gharrity Gardner, and Alice Motes

Statistical Models for Social Networks
Tom A.B. Snijders

The Neo-Marxist Legacy in American Sociology
Jeff Manza and Michael A. McCarthy

Social Processes

Societal Reactions to Deviance
Ryken Grattet

Formal Organizations

U.S. Health-Care Organizations: Complexity, Turbulence, and Multilevel Change
Mary L. Fennell and Crystal M. Adams

Political and Economic Sociology

Political Economy of the Environment
Thomas K. Rudel, J. Timmons Roberts, and JoAnn Carmin

The Sociology of Finance
Bruce G. Carruthers and Jeong-Chul Kim

Political Repression: Iron Fists, Velvet Gloves, and Diffuse Control
Jennifer Earl

Emotions and Social Movements: Twenty Years of Theory and Research
James M. Jasper

Employment Stability in the U.S. Labor Market: Rhetoric versus Reality
Matissa Hollister

The Contemporary American Conservative Movement
Neil Gross, Thomas Medvetz, and Rupert Russell

Differentiation and Stratification

A World of Difference: International Trends in Women's Economic Status
Maria Charles

The Evolution of the New Black Middle Class
Bart Landry and Kris Marsh

The Integration Imperative: The Children of Low-Status Immigrants in the Schools of Wealthy Societies
Richard Alba, Jennifer Sloan, and Jessica Sperling

Gender in the Middle East: Islam, State, Agency
Mounira M. Charrad

Individual and Society

Research on Adolescence in the Twenty-First Century
Robert Crosnoe and Monica Kirkpatrick Johnson

Diversity, Social Capital, and Cohesion
Alejandro Portes and Erik Vickstrom

Transition to Adulthood in Europe
Marlis C. Buchmann and Irene Kriesi

The Sociology of Suicide
Matt Wray, Cynthia Colen, and Bernice Pescosolido

Demography

What We Know About Unauthorized Migration
Katharine M. Donato and Amada Armenta

Relations Between the Generations in Immigrant Families
Nancy Foner and Joanna Dreby

Urban and Rural Community Sociology

Rural America in an Urban Society: Changing Spatial and Social Boundaries
Daniel T. Lichter and David L. Brown

Policy

Family Changes and Public Policies in Latin America
Brígida García and Orlandina de Oliveira

Annual Review of Sociology, 2011: Volume 37

Social Forces 89(4)

2011-07-27T09:45:00.000-04:00

Migration and Families

Health Costs of Wealth Gains: Labor Migration and Perceptions of HIV/AIDS Risks in Mozambique
Victor Agadjanian
Carlos Arnaldo
Boaventura Cau

Migration, Remittances and Educational Stratification among Blacks in Apartheid and Post-Apartheid South Africa
Yao Lu
Donald J. Treiman

Organizations and Stratification

Why Does the Spatial Agglomeration of Firms Benefit Workers?: Examining the Role of Organizational Diversity in U.S. Industries and Labor Markets
Andrew S. Fullerton
Wayne J. Villemez

The Context of Workplace Sex Discrimination: Sex Composition, Workplace Culture and Relative Power
Kevin Stainback
Thomas N. Ratliff
Vincent J. Roscigno

Gender

The Needs of Others: Gender and Sleep Interruptions for Caregivers
Sarah A. Burgard

Early Pubertal Timing and the Union Formation Behaviors of Young Women
Shannon E. Cavanagh

Work and Attitudes

Origins and Outcomes of Judgments about Work
Monica Kirkpatrick Johnson
Jeylan T. Mortimer

Adolescent Cognitive Skills, Attitudinal/Behavioral Traits and Career Wages
Matthew Hall
George Farkas

Mental Health

The Social Structuring of Mental Health over the Adult Life Course: Advancing Theory in the Sociology of Aging
Philippa Clarke
Victor Marshall
James House
Paula Lantz

Coping with the Stigma of Mental Illness: Empirically-GroundedHypotheses from Computer Simulations
Amy Kroska
Sarah K. Harkness

Education and Work-Family Conflict: Explanations, Contingencies and Mental Health Consequences
Scott Schieman
Paul Glavin

Social Relations

Social Relations that Generate and Sustain Solidarity after a Mass Tragedy
James Hawdon
John Ryan

Who We'll Live With: Neighborhood Racial Composition Preferences of Whites, Blacks and Latinos
Valerie A. Lewis
Michael O. Emerson
Stephen L. Klineberg

Quantitative Methods

Standards for Standardized Logistic Regression Coefficients
Scott Menard

Social Forces, June 2011: Volume 89, Issue 4

Theory and Society 40(4)

2011-07-27T09:42:00.000-04:00

Wildcats in banking fields: the politics of financial inclusion
Simone Polillo

“Wall Street” meets Wagner: Harnessing institutional heterogeneity
Stoyan V. Sgourev

Self-limitation of modernity? The theory of reflexive taboos
Ulrich Beck & Natan Sznaider

The religious field and the path-dependent transformation of popular politics in the Anglo-American world, 1770–1840
Peter Stamatov

Theory and Society, July 2011: Volume 40, Issue 4

The Annals of the AAPSS 636

2011-07-27T09:40:00.000-04:00

Patrimonial Power in the Modern World

Introduction: Patrimonialism, Past and Present
Mounira M. Charrad and Julia Adams

Patrimonial Alliances and Failures of State Penetration: A Historical Dynamic of Crime, Corruption, Gangs, and Mafias
Randall Collins

Plebiscitarian Patrimonialism in Putins Russia: Legitimating Authoritarianism in a Postideological Era
Stephen E. Hanson

Central and Local Patrimonialism: State-Building in Kin-Based Societies
Mounira M. Charrad

The Legacies of Patrimonial Patriarchalism: Contesting Political Legitimacy in Allendes Chile
Gwynn Thomas

Patrimonialism, Elite Networks, and Reform in Late-Eighteenth-Century Poland
Paul D. Mclean

Where the State Feared to Tread: Conscription and Local Patriarchalism in Modern France
Dorit Geva

African Patrimonialism in Historical Perspective: Assessing Decentralized and Privatized Tax Administration
Edgar Kiser and Audrey Sacks

Political Familism in Lebanon
Suad Joseph

Interlocking Patrimonialisms and State Formation in Qing China and Early Modern Europe
Liping Wang and Julia Adams

Patrimony and Collective Capacity: An Analytical Outline
Ivan Ermakoff

Coda: American Patrimonialism: The Return of the Repressed
Richard Lachmann

The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, July 2011: Volume 636

Journal of Marriage and Family 73(4)

2011-07-27T09:36:00.000-04:00

Brief Report

Reciprocal Associations Between Connectedness and Autonomy Among Korean Adolescents: Compatible or Antithetical?
Jeong Jin Yu

Special Section on Transnational Families

Transnational Families and the Well-Being of Children: Conceptual and Methodological Challenges
Valentina Mazzucato and Djamila Schans

Migration, Social Networks, and Child Health in Mexican Families
Katharine M. Donato and Ebony M. Duncan

Parenting From Abroad: Migration, Nonresident Father Involvement, and Children's Education in Mexico
Jenna Nobles

Back to Africa: Second Chances for the Children of West African Immigrants
Caroline H. Bledsoe and Papa Sow

Migrant Parents and the Psychological Well-Being of Left-Behind Children in Southeast Asia
Elspeth Graham and Lucy P. Jordan

A Mixed-Methods Social Networks Study Design for Research on Transnational Families
Laura Bernardi

Exchange on Gene–Environment Interplay, Family Relationships, and Child Adjustment

Gene–Environment Interplay, Family Relationships, and Child Adjustment
Briana N. Horwitz and Jenae M. Neiderhiser

Biopsychosocial Models and the Study of Family Processes and Child Adjustment
Susan D. Calkins

Families and Genomes: The Next Generation
Kirby Deater-Deckard

Understanding Family Process and Child Adjustment Through Behavioral Genetic Research: A Reply
Briana N. Horwitz and Jenae M. Neiderhiser

Of General Interest

Headed Toward Equality? Housework Change in Comparative Perspective
Claudia Geist and Philip N. Cohen

Market Earnings and Household Work: New Tests of Gender Performance Theory
Daniel Schneider

Who Lacks Support and Why? An Examination of Mothers' Personal Safety Nets
Kristen S. Harknett and Caroline Sten Hartnett

Intermarriage, Ethnic Identity, and Perceived Social Standing Among Asian Women in the United States
Juan Chen and David T. Takeuchi

Journal of Marriage and Family, August 2011: Volume 73, Issue 4