tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-68474973734044731302023-11-15T11:31:29.433-05:00Criminology HappensEach new week brings the chance of a fresh bouquet of abstracts.<br>A specially cultivated blend for the criminologically inclined.Matthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10009344656541521703noreply@blogger.comBlogger588125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6847497373404473130.post-23274621684013594892015-11-13T13:48:00.002-05:002015-11-13T13:48:51.619-05:00ClosingI'm closing up shop on the Criminology Happens abstract blog. I hope you've found it useful, and I've appreciated your comments and feedback over the years.<br />
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For reference, here is a full list of up-to-date links of journals, some having been added or removed:<br /><br /><a href="http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublication?journalCode=amerjsoci">American Journal of Sociology</a> (Am J Sociol)<br /><a href="http://psycnet.apa.org/journals/amp/">American Psychologist</a> (Am Psychol)<br /><a href="http://asr.sagepub.com/">American Sociological Review</a> (Am Socio Rev)<br /><a href="http://ann.sagepub.com/">Annals of the AAPSS</a> (Ann Am Acad Polit SS)<br />
<a href="http://www.annualreviews.org/journal/soc">Annual Review of Sociology</a> (Annu Rev Sociol)<br /><a href="http://bjc.oxfordjournals.org/">British Journal of Criminology</a> (Brit J Criminol)<br /><a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1111/(ISSN)1745-9125">Criminology</a> (Criminology)<br /><a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1111/(ISSN)1745-9133">Criminology and Public Policy</a> (Criminol Public Pol)<br /><a href="http://cad.sagepub.com/">Crime and Delinquency</a> (Crime Delinquency)<br /><a href="http://www.springerlink.com/content/1205-8629">Critical Criminology</a> (Crit Criminol)<br /><a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/00472352">Journal of Criminal Justice</a> (J Crim Just)<br /><a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1111/(ISSN)1741-3737">Journal of Marriage and Family</a> (J Marriage Fam)<br /><a href="http://www.springerlink.com/content/0748-4518">Journal of Quantitative Criminology</a> (J Quant Criminol)<br /><a href="http://jrc.sagepub.com/">Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency</a> (J Res Crime Delinq)<br /><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/rjqy20">Justice Quarterly</a> (Justice Q)<br /><a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1111/(ISSN)1540-5893">Law & Society Review</a> (Law Soc Rev)<br /><a href="http://psycnet.apa.org/journals/bul/">Psychological Bulletin</a> (Psychol Bull)<br /><a href="http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/sof/">Social Forces</a> (Soc Forces)<br /><a href="http://socpro.oxfordjournals.org/content/by/year">Social Problems</a> (Soc Probl)<br /><a href="http://spq.sagepub.com/">Social Psychology Quarterly</a> (Soc Psychol Quart)<br /><a href="http://smx.sagepub.com/">Sociological Methodology</a> (Sociol Methodol)<br /><a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1111/(ISSN)1467-9558">Sociological Theory</a> (Sociol Theory)<br /><a href="http://tcr.sagepub.com/">Theoretical Criminology</a> (Theor Criminol)<br /><a href="http://www.springerlink.com/content/0304-2421">Theory and Society</a> (Theor Soc)<br />
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Each of these offers some form of table-of-contents email subscription, if you've grown accustomed to regular updates.<br />
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Cheers,<br />MattMatthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10009344656541521703noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6847497373404473130.post-41572441742377973312015-10-04T21:00:00.000-04:002015-10-04T21:00:00.751-04:00American Sociological Review 80(5)<a href="http://asr.sagepub.com/content/80/5?etoc">American Sociological Review, October 2015: Volume 80, Issue 5</a><br /><br /><a href="http://asr.sagepub.com/content/80/5/875?etoc">Tradition and Innovation in Scientists’ Research Strategies</a><br />Jacob G. Foster, Andrey Rzhetsky, and James A. Evans<br /><blockquote class="tr_bq">
What factors affect a scientist’s choice of research problem? Qualitative research in the history and sociology of science suggests that this choice is patterned by an “essential tension” between productive tradition and risky innovation. We examine this tension through Bourdieu’s field theory of science, and we explore it empirically by analyzing millions of biomedical abstracts from MEDLINE. We represent the evolving state of chemical knowledge with networks extracted from these abstracts. We then develop a typology of research strategies on these networks. Scientists can introduce novel chemicals and chemical relationships (innovation) or delve deeper into known ones (tradition). They can consolidate knowledge clusters or bridge them. The aggregate distribution of published strategies remains remarkably stable. High-risk innovation strategies are rare and reflect a growing focus on established knowledge. An innovative publication is more likely to achieve high impact than a conservative one, but the additional reward does not compensate for the risk of failing to publish. By studying prizewinners in biomedicine and chemistry, we show that occasional gambles for extraordinary impact are a compelling explanation for observed levels of risky innovation. Our analysis of the essential tension identifies institutional forces that sustain tradition and suggests policy interventions to foster innovation.</blockquote>
<br /><a href="http://asr.sagepub.com/content/80/5/909?etoc">Elements of Professional Expertise: Understanding Relational and Substantive Expertise through Lawyers’ Impact</a><br />Rebecca L. Sandefur<br /><blockquote class="tr_bq">
Lawyers keep the gates of public justice institutions, particularly through their roles in formal procedures like hearings and trials. Yet, it is not clear what lawyers do in such quintessentially legal settings: conclusions from past research are bedeviled by a lack of clear theory and inconsistencies in research design. Conceptualizing litigation work in terms of professional expertise, I conduct a theoretically grounded synthesis of the findings of extant studies of lawyers’ impact on civil case outcomes. Using an innovative combination of statistical techniques—meta-analysis and nonparametric bounding—the present study transcends previous work to reveal a domain of consensus for lawyers’ effect on case outcomes and to explore why this effect varies so greatly across past studies. For the types of cases researched to date, knowledge of substantive law explains surprisingly little of lawyers’ advantage compared to lay people appearing unrepresented. Instead, lawyers’ impact is greatest when they assist in navigating relatively simple (to lawyers) procedures and where their relational expertise helps courts follow their own rules. Findings for law generalize to other professions, where substantive and relational expertise may shape the conduct and consequences of professional work.</blockquote>
<br /><a href="http://asr.sagepub.com/content/80/5/934?etoc">“No Fracking Way!” Documentary Film, Discursive Opportunity, and Local Opposition against Hydraulic Fracturing in the United States, 2010 to 2013</a><br />Ion Bogdan Vasi, Edward T. Walker, John S. Johnson, and Hui Fen Tan<br /><blockquote class="tr_bq">
Recent scholarship highlights the importance of public discourse for the mobilization and impact of social movements, but it neglects how cultural products may shift discourse and thereby influence mobilization and political outcomes. This study investigates how activism against hydraulic fracturing (“fracking”) utilized cultural artifacts to influence public perceptions and effect change. A systematic analysis of Internet search data, social media postings, and newspaper articles allows us to identify how the documentary Gasland reshaped public discourse. We find that Gasland contributed not only to greater online searching about fracking, but also to increased social media chatter and heightened mass media coverage. Local screenings of Gasland contributed to anti-fracking mobilizations, which, in turn, affected the passage of local fracking moratoria in the Marcellus Shale states. These results have implications not only for understanding movement outcomes, but also for theory and research on media, the environment, and energy.</blockquote>
<br /><a href="http://asr.sagepub.com/content/80/5/960?etoc">A Paper Ceiling: Explaining the Persistent Underrepresentation of Women in Printed News</a><br />Eran Shor, Arnout van de Rijt, Alex Miltsov, Vivek Kulkarni, and Steven Skiena<br /><blockquote class="tr_bq">
In the early twenty-first century, women continue to receive substantially less media coverage than men, despite women’s much increased participation in public life. Media scholars argue that actors in news organizations skew news coverage in favor of men and male-related topics. However, no previous study has systematically examined whether such media bias exists beyond gender ratio imbalances in coverage that merely mirror societal-level structural and occupational gender inequalities. Using novel longitudinal data, we empirically isolate media-level factors and examine their effects on women’s coverage rates in hundreds of newspapers. We find that societal-level inequalities are the dominant determinants of continued gender differences in coverage. The media focuses nearly exclusively on the highest strata of occupational and social hierarchies, in which women’s representation has remained poor. We also find that women receive greater exposure in newspaper sections led by female editors, as well as in newspapers whose editorial boards have higher female representation. However, these differences appear to be mostly correlational, as women’s coverage rates do not noticeably improve when male editors are replaced by female editors in a given newspaper.</blockquote>
<br /><a href="http://asr.sagepub.com/content/80/5/985?etoc">How National Institutions Mediate the Global: Screen Translation, Institutional Interdependencies, and the Production of National Difference in Four European Countries</a><br />Giselinde Kuipers<br /><blockquote class="tr_bq">
How do national institutional contexts mediate the global? This article aims to answer this question by analyzing screen translation—the translation of audiovisual materials like movies and television programs—in four European countries: France, Italy, the Netherlands, and Poland. A cross-national, multi-method research project combining interviews, ethnography, and a small survey found considerable cross-national differences in translation norms and practices, sometimes leading to very different translated versions of the same product. The analysis shows how differences between national translation fields are produced and perpetuated by the interplay of institutional factors on four interdependent levels: technology, and the organizational, national, and transnational fields. On each level, various institutions are influential in shaping nationally specific translation norms and practices by producing institutional constraints or imposing specific meanings. I propose a model that explains the persistence of national translation systems—not only from the logics of specific institutions, fields, or levels—but by the feedback loops and interdependencies between institutions on various levels. This analysis has implications for the sociological understanding of globalization, the production of culture and media, cross-national comparative research, as well as institutional theory and the role of translation in sociological practice.</blockquote>
<br /><a href="http://asr.sagepub.com/content/80/5/1014?etoc">Rage against the Iron Cage: The Varied Effects of Bureaucratic Personnel Reforms on Diversity</a><br />Frank Dobbin, Daniel Schrage, and Alexandra Kalev<br /><blockquote class="tr_bq">
Organization scholars since Max Weber have argued that formal personnel systems can prevent discrimination. We draw on sociological and psychological literatures to develop a theory of the varied effects of bureaucratic reforms on managerial motivation. Drawing on self-perception and cognitive-dissonance theories, we contend that initiatives that engage managers in promoting diversity—special recruitment and training programs—will increase diversity. Drawing on job-autonomy and self-determination theories, we contend that initiatives that limit managerial discretion in hiring and promotion—job tests, performance evaluations, and grievance procedures—will elicit resistance and produce adverse effects. Drawing on transparency and accountability theories, we contend that bureaucratic reforms that increase transparency for job-seekers and hiring managers—job postings and job ladders—will have positive effects. Finally, drawing on accountability theory, we contend that monitoring by diversity managers and federal regulators will improve the effects of bureaucratic reforms. We examine the effects of personnel innovations on managerial diversity in 816 U.S. workplaces over 30 years. Our findings help explain the nation’s slow progress in reducing job segregation and inequality. Some popular bureaucratic reforms thought to quell discrimination instead activate it. Some of the most effective reforms remain rare.</blockquote>
<br /><a href="http://asr.sagepub.com/content/80/5/1045?etoc">The Power of Transparency: Evidence from a British Workplace Survey</a><br />Jake Rosenfeld and Patrick Denice<br /><blockquote class="tr_bq">
Does the dissemination of organizational financial information shift power dynamics within workplaces, as evidenced by increasing workers’ wages? That is the core question of this investigation. We utilize the 2004 and 2011 series of the British Workplace Employment Relations Survey (WERS) to test whether employees who report that their managers disclose workplace financial data earn more than otherwise similar workers not privy to such information. Our findings suggest that disclosure results in higher wages for workers after adjusting for profit and productivity levels and a range of other workplace and worker characteristics. We estimate that workers who report their managers are “very good” at sharing organizational financial information outearn those who report their managers are “very poor” at financial disclosure by between 8 and 12 percent. We argue that disclosure is a key resource that reduces information asymmetries, thereby providing legitimacy to workers’ claims in wage bargaining. More broadly, our focus on managerial transparency and its effects on worker earnings reveals a largely ignored characteristic of modern workplaces that has implications for contemporary trends in inequality and wage stagnation in Great Britain and other liberal market economies.</blockquote>
<br /><a href="http://asr.sagepub.com/content/80/5/1069?etoc">Choice, Information, and Constrained Options: School Transfers in a Stratified Educational System</a><br />Peter M. Rich and Jennifer L. Jennings<br /><blockquote class="tr_bq">
It is well known that family socioeconomic background influences childhood access to opportunities. Educational reforms that introduce new information about school quality may lead to increased inequality if families with more resources are better able to respond. However, these policies can also level the playing field for choice by equalizing disadvantaged families’ access to information. This study assesses how a novel accountability system affected family enrollment decisions in the Chicago Public Schools by introducing new test performance information and consequences. We show that a substantial proportion of families responded by transferring out when their child’s school was assigned “probation.” Poor families transferred children to other schools in the district, but at a lower rate than non-poor families, who were also more likely to leave for another district or enroll in private school. Most striking, we show that despite family response to the probation label, access to higher-performing schools changed very little under the new policy; students who left probation schools were the most likely of all transfer students to enroll in other low-performing schools in the district. Although new information changed families’ behavior, it did not address contextual and resource-dependent factors that constrain the educational decisions of poor families.</blockquote>
Matthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10009344656541521703noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6847497373404473130.post-87135022807377798692015-09-20T21:00:00.000-04:002015-09-20T21:00:02.895-04:00Criminology & Public Policy 14(3)<a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/capp.2015.14.issue-3/issuetoc?campaign=woletoc">Criminology & Public Policy, August 2015: Volume 14, Issue 3</a><br />
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<b>PATHWAYS TO PRISON</b><br />
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EDITORIAL INTRODUCTION<br />
<a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1745-9133.12149/abstract?campaign=woletoc">Toward a Criminology of Prison Downsizing</a><br />
Todd R. Clear<br />
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RESEARCH ARTICLE<br />
<a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1745-9133.12136/abstract?campaign=woletoc">Pathways to Prison in New York State</a><br />
Sarah Tahamont, Shi Yan, Shawn D. Bushway and Jing Liu<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
Research Summary: In this study, we use a novel application of group-based trajectory modeling to estimate pathways to prison for a sample of 13,769 first-time prison inmates in New York State. We found that 12% of the sample was heavily involved in the criminal justice system for 10 years prior to their first imprisonment. We also found that less than one quarter of the sample had little contact with the criminal justice system prior to the arrest that resulted in imprisonment.</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
Policy Implications: Slightly less than one quarter of first-time inmates are not known to the criminal justice system prior to the commitment arrest. For these inmates, crime-prevention interventions that identify participants through criminal justice processes will not be effective. However, the arrest rates for a substantial portion of the sample over the 10-year period before imprisonment suggest a staggering number of opportunities for intervention as these individuals churn through the system.</blockquote>
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POLICY ESSAY<br />
<a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1745-9133.12144/abstract?campaign=woletoc">Altering Trajectories Through Community-Based Justice Reinvestment</a><br />
Carlos E. Monteiro and Natasha A. Frost<br />
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<b>FOCUSED DETERRENCE IN NEW ORLEANS</b><br />
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EDITORIAL INTRODUCTION<br />
<a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1745-9133.12145/abstract?campaign=woletoc">Focused Deterrence and the Promise of Fair and Effective Policing</a><br />
Anthony A. Braga<br />
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RESEARCH ARTICLE<br />
<a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1745-9133.12142/abstract?campaign=woletoc">Most Challenging of Contexts</a><br />
Nicholas Corsaro and Robin S. Engel<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
Research Summary: The use of focused deterrence to reduce lethal violence driven by gangs and groups of chronic offenders has continued to expand since the initial Boston Ceasefire intervention in the 1990s, where prior evaluations have shown relatively consistent promise in terms of violence reduction. This study focuses on the capacity of focused deterrence to impact lethal violence in a chronic and high-trajectory homicide setting: New Orleans, Louisiana. Using a two-phase analytical design, our evaluation of the Group Violence Reduction Strategy (GVRS) observed the following findings: (a) GVRS team members in the City of New Orleans closely followed model implementation; (b) homicides in New Orleans experienced a statistically significant reduction above and beyond changes observed in comparable lethally violent cities; (c) the greatest changes in targeted outcomes were observed in gang homicides, young Black male homicides, and firearms violence; and (d) the decline in targeted violence corresponded with the implementation of the pulling levers notification meetings. Moreover, the observed reduction in crime outcomes was not empirically associated with a complementary violence-reduction strategy that was simultaneously implemented in a small geographic area within the city.</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
Policy Implications: The findings presented in this article demonstrate that focused deterrence holds considerable promise as a violence prevention approach in urban contexts with persistent histories of lethal violence, heightened disadvantage, and undermined police (and institutional) legitimacy. The development of a multiagency task force, combined with unwavering political support from the highest levels of government within the city, were likely linked to high programmatic fidelity. Organizationally, the development of a program manager and intelligence analyst, along with the use of detailed problem analyses and the integration of research, assisted the New Orleans working group in identifying the highest risk groups of violent offenders to target for the GVRS notification sessions. The impacts on targeted violence were robust and consistent with the timing of the intervention.</blockquote>
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POLICY ESSAYS<br />
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<a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1745-9133.12141/abstract?campaign=woletoc">Focused Deterrence and Improved Police–Community Relations</a><br />
Rod K. Brunson<br />
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<a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1745-9133.12143/abstract?campaign=woletoc">Something That Works in Violent Crime Control</a><br />
Kenneth C. Land<br />
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<b>CHICAGO'S GROUP VIOLENCE REDUCTION STRATEGY</b><br />
EDITORIAL INTRODUCTION<br />
<a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1745-9133.12162/abstract?campaign=woletoc">To Shoot or Not to Shoot; Gang Decisions, Decisions</a><br />
James C. Howell<br />
<br />
RESEARCH ARTICLE<br />
<a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1745-9133.12139/abstract?campaign=woletoc">Changing the Street Dynamic</a><br />
Andrew V. Papachristos and David S. Kirk<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
Research Summary: This study uses a quasi-experimental design to evaluate the efficacy of Chicago's Group Violence Reduction Strategy (VRS), a gun violence reduction program that delivers a focused-deterrence and legitimacy-based message to gang factions through a series of hour-long “call-ins.” The results suggest that those gang factions who attend a VRS call-in experience a 23% reduction in overall shooting behavior and a 32% reduction in gunshot victimization in the year after treatment compared with similar factions.</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
Policy Implications: Gun violence in U.S. cities often is concentrated in small geographic areas and in small networks of group or gang-involved individuals. The results of this study suggest that focused intervention efforts such as VRS can produce significant reductions in gun violence, but especially gunshot victimization, among gangs. Focused programs such as these offer an important alternative to broad-sweeping practices or policies that might otherwise expand the use of the criminal justice system.</blockquote>
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POLICY ESSAYS<br />
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<a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1745-9133.12147/abstract?campaign=woletoc">With Great Methods Come Great Responsibilities</a><br />
Jason Gravel and George E. Tita<br />
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<a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1745-9133.12140/abstract?campaign=woletoc">Considering Focused Deterrence in the Age of Ferguson, Baltimore, North Charleston, and Beyond</a><br />
Elizabeth Griffiths and Johnna Christian<br />
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Matthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10009344656541521703noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6847497373404473130.post-63317708287881573432015-09-13T21:00:00.000-04:002015-09-13T21:00:00.546-04:00Crime & Delinquency 61(8)<a href="http://cad.sagepub.com/content/61/8?etoc">Crime & Delinquency, October 2015: Volume 61, Issue 8</a><br /><br /><a href="http://cad.sagepub.com/content/61/8/1027?etoc">Do Parole Technical Violators Pose a Safety Threat? An Analysis of Prison Misconduct</a><br />Erin A. Orrick and Robert G. Morris<br /><blockquote class="tr_bq">
We examined records of males incarcerated in a large southern state to assess the risk technical violators would pose to public safety by exploring their likelihood of engaging in prison misconduct. Data from official prison records provided by a large southern state’s primary corrections agency were examined using multiple counterfactual analytic techniques. Based on the official disciplinary records from male inmates readmitted to prison for technical violations and new offenses, technical violators were found to be significantly less likely to engage in any form of prison misconduct. Implications for research and policy are discussed, including the potential for recidivism research and prison reduction policies.</blockquote>
<br /><a href="http://cad.sagepub.com/content/61/8/1051?etoc">Investigating the Impact of Custody on Reoffending Using Propensity Score Matching</a><br />Darrick Jolliffe and Carol Hedderman<br /><blockquote class="tr_bq">
Although a range of opinions about the impact of incarceration on later offending have been articulated, there have been very few studies of sufficient methodological quality to allow the effect to be examined empirically. Drawing on a sample of 5,500 male offenders from 1 of 10 regions in the United Kingdom, propensity score matching was used to balance the preexisting differences between two groups of offenders: those who had been incarcerated for their index offense and those who had received community orders involving supervision. Both methods of balancing the group differences (matching/stratification) suggested that 1 year after release, offenders who had been incarcerated were significantly more likely to have committed another (proven) offense. These offenders also tended to commit more offenses and started reoffending earlier than those supervised in the community. Moreover, offenders who had originally been incarcerated were much more likely to be reincarcerated. In line with other emerging evidence, it was concluded that incarceration tends to slightly increase rather than decrease the chances of future offending. Limitations of the research are considered and directions for future research are explored.</blockquote>
<br /><a href="http://cad.sagepub.com/content/61/8/1078?etoc">Measuring the Intermittency of Criminal Careers</a><br />Thomas Baker, Christi Falco Metcalfe, and Alex R. Piquero<br /><blockquote class="tr_bq">
The intermittency, or time gaps between criminal events, has received very little theoretical and empirical attention in developmental/life-course criminology. Several reasons account for lack of research on intermittency, including limited data sources containing information on the time between events and the prioritization of persistence—and especially desistance—in developmental/life-course criminology. This article sets out to provide a descriptive portrait of intermittency and in so doing aims to understand and explain intermittency within and between individuals, how it varies with age over the life course, and how it covaries with the seriousness of offending. Longer intermittency is characteristic of offenders with earlier onset as well as those who offend less frequently, whereas high-frequency/early-onset offenders have less intermittency. Findings suggest that intermittent gaps between offenses relate to offense seriousness. As offenders age, the gaps between offenses increase. Each of these effects is disaggregated among chronic and nonchronic (recidivist) offenders to demonstrate the intermittent patterns of different criminal careers. Implications for theoretical and empirical research on intermittency are highlighted.</blockquote>
<br /><a href="http://cad.sagepub.com/content/61/8/1104?etoc">Adolescent Virtual Time Spent Socializing With Peers, Substance Use, and Delinquency</a><br />Ryan C. Meldrum and Jim Clark<br /><blockquote class="tr_bq">
This study tests Osgood, Wilson, O’Malley, Bachman, and Johnston’s extension of the routine activity theory of individual deviant behavior by considering adolescent time spent socializing with peers in virtual settings in relation to estimates of delinquency and substance use. The growth in digital communication has significantly changed the ways that youth commonly communicate with one another, and such changes may therefore provide a specification of newly emerging situational inducements that precipitate antisocial behavior during adolescence. Using data from a school-based survey of adolescents, the analyses reveal that the amount of virtual time adolescents spend socializing with peers is positively related to the frequency of alcohol use, marijuana use, and a variety index of delinquent behavior. Less support was found for an association between virtual time spent with peers and individually separated property/violent offending behaviors. The implications of these findings are discussed.</blockquote>
<br /><a href="http://cad.sagepub.com/content/61/8/1127?etoc">The Deterrent Effect of the Castle Doctrine Law on Burglary in Texas: A Tale of Outcomes in Houston and Dallas</a><br />Ling Ren, Yan Zhang, and Jihong Solomon Zhao<blockquote class="tr_bq">
From 2005 through 2008, 23 states across the nation have enacted laws generally referred to as “castle doctrine” laws or “stand your ground” laws. A castle doctrine law gives a homeowner the legal right to use force (even deadly force) to defend himself or herself and the family against an intruder. No study, however, has been conducted to evaluate its deterrent effects. The State of Texas enacted its castle doctrine law on September 1, 2007, and the subsequent Joe Horn shooting incident in Houston in November, 2007, served to publicize the Texas law to a great extent. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the deterrent effect of the Texas castle doctrine law and the subsequent Horn shooting on burglary in the two largest cities in Texas, Houston and Dallas. Daily data of residential and business burglary, over the period from January 1, 2007, to August 31, 2008, were obtained from the Houston Police Department and the Dallas Police Department. Interrupted time-series designs were employed in the study to analyze the intervention effects. The findings reported suggest a place-conditioned deterrent effect of the law and the Horn shooting; both residential and business burglaries were reduced significantly after the shooting incident in Houston, but not in Dallas.</blockquote>
Matthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10009344656541521703noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6847497373404473130.post-43595897839335615122015-09-07T21:00:00.001-04:002015-09-07T21:00:02.452-04:00Journal of Quantitative Criminology 31(3)<a href="http://link.springer.com/journal/10940/31/3">Journal of Quantitative Criminology, September 2015: Volume 31, Issue 3</a><br /><br /><div>
<span style="color: #0000ee;"><u>An Experimental Evaluation of a Comprehensive Employment-Oriented Prisoner Re-entry Program</u></span></div>
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Philip J. Cook, Songman Kang, Anthony A. Braga, Jens Ludwig & Mallory E. O’Brien</div>
<div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
Objectives: While the economic model of crime suggests that improving post-prison labor market prospects should reduce recidivism, evaluations of previous employment-oriented re-entry programs have mixed results, possibly due to the multi-faceted challenges facing prisoners at the time of their release. We present an evaluation of an experiment that combines enhanced employment opportunities with wrap around services before and after release. Methods: This paper presents what we believe is the first randomized controlled trial (RCT) of a re-entry program that combines post-release subsidized work with “reach-in” social services provided prior to release. The sample was 236 high-risk offenders in Milwaukee with a history of violence or gang involvement. Results: We observe increased employment rates and earnings during the period when ex-offenders are eligible for subsidized jobs, and these gains persist throughout the year. The intervention has significant effects (p < 0.01) in reducing the likelihood of rearrest. The likelihood that the treatment group is re-imprisoned during the first year after release is lower than for controls (22 vs. 26 %) but the difference is not statistically significantly different from zero. Conclusions: The results of our RCT suggest that “reach-in” services to help improve human capital of inmates prior to release, together with wrap around services following release, boosts employment and earnings, although whether there is sufficient impact on recidivism for the intervention to pass a benefit-cost test is more uncertain. Average earnings for both treatment and control groups were very low; legal work simply does not seem that important in the economic lives of released prisoners.</blockquote>
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<span style="color: #0000ee;"><u>Investigating the Applicability of Macro-Level Criminology Theory to Terrorism: A County-Level Analysis</u></span></div>
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Joshua D. Freilich, Amy Adamczyk, Steven M. Chermak, Katharine A. Boyd & William S. Parkin<br /><blockquote class="tr_bq">
Objectives: This exploratory study examines if causal mechanisms highlighted by criminology theories work in the same way to explain both ideologically motivated violence (i.e., terrorism) and regular (non-political) homicides. We study if macro-level hypotheses drawn from deprivation, backlash, and social disorganization frameworks are associated with the likelihood that a far-right extremist who committed an ideologically motivated homicide inside the contiguous US resides in a particular county. To aid in the assessment of whether criminology theories speak to both terrorism and regular violence we also apply these hypotheses to far-right homicide and regular homicide incident location and compare the results. Material and methods: We use data from the US Extremist Crime Database (ECDB) and the FBI’s SHR to create our dependent variables for the 1990–2012 period and estimated a series of logistic regression models. Conclusions: The findings are complex. On the one hand, the models we estimated to account for the odds of a far-right perpetrator residing in a county found that some hypotheses were significant in all, or almost all, models. These findings challenge the view that terrorism is completely different from regular crime and argues for separate causal models to explain each. On the other hand, we estimated models that applied these same hypotheses to account for the odds that a far-right homicide incident occurred in a county, and that a county had very high regular homicide rate. Our comparison of the results found a few similarities, but also demonstrated that different variables were generally significant for each outcome variable. In other words, although criminology theory accounts for some of the odds for both outcomes, different causal mechanisms also appear to be at play in each instance. We elaborate on both of these points and highlight a number of important issues for future research to address.</blockquote>
<br /><span style="color: #0000ee;"><u>A Synthetic Control Approach to Evaluating Place-Based Crime Interventions</u></span></div>
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Jessica Saunders, Russell Lundberg, Anthony A. Braga, Greg Ridgeway & Jeremy Miles<br /><blockquote class="tr_bq">
Objective: This paper presents a new quasi-experimental approach to assessing place based policing to encourage the careful evaluation of policing programs, strategies, and operations for researchers to conduct retrospective evaluations of policing programs. Methods: We use a synthetic control model to reduce the bias introduced by models using non-equivalent comparison groups to evaluate High Point’s Drug Market Intervention and demonstrate the method and its versatility for evaluating programs retrospectively. Results: The synthetic control method was able to identify a very good match across all socio-demographic and crime data for the intervention and comparison area. Using a variety of statistical models, the impact of High Point Drug Market Intervention on crime was estimated to be larger than previous evaluations with little evidence of displacement. Conclusions: The synthetic control method represents a significant improvement over the earlier retrospective evaluations of crime prevention programs, but there is still room for improvement. This is particularly important in an age where rigorous scientific research is being used more and more to guide program development and implementation.</blockquote>
<br /><span style="color: #0000ee;"><u>Gun Carrying Among Drug Market Participants: Evidence from Incarcerated Drug Offenders</u></span></div>
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Eric L. Sevigny & Andrea Allen<br /><blockquote class="tr_bq">
Objectives: The decision to carry a gun by drug market participants involves consideration of the potential for conflict with other market actors, the need for self-protection, and the desire for reputation and status, among other factors. The objective of this study is to investigate the motives, contingencies, and situational factors that influence criminal gun possession among drug market participants. Methods: Using data on drug offenders from the 2004 Survey of Inmates in State and Federal Correctional Facilities, we estimate design-based logistic regression models within a multiple imputation framework to investigate the influence of drug market features and participant characteristics on gun carrying behavior. Results: Overall, 7 % of the drug offenders in our sample carried a firearm during the offense for which they were incarcerated. Our multivariate findings indicate that a number of factors condition drug market participants’ propensity for gun carrying, including individual psychopharmacological, economic-compulsive, and systemic factors as well as broader features of the marketplace, including the type of drug market, the value of the drugs, and certain structural characteristics. Conclusions: Our findings have a number of implications for designing drug market interventions. Directing enforcement resources against emerging, expanding, or multi-commodity drug markets could deter lethal violence more than interventions targeting stable, single-commodity markets. In addition to open-air street markets, targeting higher-level and closed market segments could realize meaningful gun violence reductions. Finally, the expansion of promising focused deterrence strategies that combine deterrence and support initiatives could further deescalate gun violence.</blockquote>
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<span style="color: #0000ee;"><u>Support for Balanced Juvenile Justice: Assessing Views About Youth, Rehabilitation, and Punishment</u></span></div>
Daniel P. Mears, Justin T. Pickett & Christina Mancini<br /><blockquote class="tr_bq">
Objectives: The juvenile court was envisioned as a system of justice that would rehabilitate and punish young offenders. However, studies have not directly measured or examined support for “balanced” juvenile justice—that is, support for simultaneously employing juvenile rehabilitation and punishment to sanction youth—or how beliefs central to the creation of the court influence support for balanced justice. Drawing on scholarship on juvenile justice and theoretical accounts of views about sanctioning, the study tests hypotheses about such support. Methods: The study employs multinomial logistic regression, using data from 866 college students enrolled in criminology and criminal justice classes, to examine support for different approaches to sanctioning violent juvenile offenders. Results: Analyses indicate that a majority of respondents supported balanced justice for violent delinquents, approximately one-third supported a primarily rehabilitation-focused approach to sanctioning, and the remainder supported a primarily punishment-oriented approach. Individuals who believed that youth could be reformed and deserved treatment were more likely to support balanced justice or a primarily rehabilitation-oriented approach to sanctioning youth. Conclusions: The findings underscore the nuanced nature of public views about sanctioning youth, the salience of philosophical beliefs to support different sanctioning approaches, and the importance of research that accounts for beliefs central to the juvenile court’s mission.</blockquote>
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<span style="color: #0000ee;"><u>Examining the Relationship Between Road Structure and Burglary Risk Via Quantitative Network Analysis</u></span></div>
Toby Davies & Shane D. Johnson<br /><blockquote class="tr_bq">
Objectives: To test the hypothesis that the spatial distribution of residential burglary is shaped by the configuration of the street network, as predicted by, for example, crime pattern theory. In particular, the study examines whether burglary risk is higher on street segments with higher usage potential. Methods: Residential burglary data for Birmingham (UK) are examined at the street segment level using a hierarchical linear model. Estimates of the usage of street segments are derived from the graph theoretical metric of betweenness, which measures how frequently segments feature in the shortest paths (those most likely to be used) through the network. Several variants of betweenness are considered. The geometry of street segments is also incorporated—via a measure of their linearity—as are several socio-demographic factors. Results: As anticipated by theory, the measure of betweenness was found to be a highly-significant predictor of the burglary victimization count at the street segment level for all but one of the variants considered. The non-significant result was found for the most localized measure of betweenness considered. More linear streets were generally found to be at lower risk of victimization. Conclusion: Betweenness offers a more granular and objective means of measuring the street network than categorical classifications previously used, and its meaning links more directly to theory. The results provide support for crime pattern theory, suggesting a higher risk of burglary for streets with more potential usage. The apparent negative effect of linearity suggests the need for further research into the visual component of target choice, and the role of guardianship.</blockquote>
<br /><a href="http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10940-014-9236-3">The Effect of Police Body-Worn Cameras on Use of Force and Citizens’ Complaints Against the Police: A Randomized Controlled Trial</a><br />Barak Ariel, William A. Farrar & Alex Sutherland</div>
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<blockquote class="tr_bq">
Objective: Police use-of-force continues to be a major source of international concern, inviting interest from academics and practitioners alike. Whether justified or unnecessary/excessive, the exercise of power by the police can potentially tarnish their relationship with the community. Police misconduct can translate into complaints against the police, which carry large economic and social costs. The question we try to answer is: do body-worn-cameras reduce the prevalence of use-of-force and/or citizens’ complaints against the police? Methods: We empirically tested the use of body-worn-cameras by measuring the effect of videotaping police–public encounters on incidents of police use-of-force and complaints, in randomized-controlled settings. Over 12 months, we randomly-assigned officers to “experimental-shifts” during which they were equipped with body-worn HD cameras that recorded all contacts with the public and to “control-shifts” without the cameras (n = 988). We nominally defined use-of-force, both unnecessary/excessive and reasonable, as a non-desirable response in police–public encounters. We estimate the causal effect of the use of body-worn-videos on the two outcome variables using both between-group differences using a Poisson regression model as well as before-after estimates using interrupted time-series analyses. Results: We found that the likelihood of force being used in control conditions were roughly twice those in experimental conditions. Similarly, a pre/post analysis of use-of-force and complaints data also support this result: the number of complaints filed against officers dropped from 0.7 complaints per 1,000 contacts to 0.07 per 1,000 contacts. We discuss the findings in terms of theory, research methods, policy and future avenues of research on body-worn-videos.</blockquote>
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Matthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10009344656541521703noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6847497373404473130.post-62821123131615923442015-09-07T21:00:00.000-04:002015-09-07T21:00:02.289-04:00Journal of Marriage and Family 77(5)<a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jomf.2015.77.issue-5/issuetoc?campaign=woletoc">Journal of Marriage and Family, October 2015: Volume 77, Issue 5</a><div>
<br /><b>Special Section on Asian Families in Context edited by Yingchun Ji</b><br /><br /> <a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jomf.12223/abstract?campaign=woletoc">Asian Families at the Crossroads: A Meeting of East, West, Tradition, Modernity, and Gender</a><br />Yingchun Ji<div>
<br /> <a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jomf.12224/abstract?campaign=woletoc">Contingent Work Rising: Implications for the Timing of Marriage in Japan</a><br />Martin Piotrowski, Arne Kalleberg and Ronald R. Rindfuss<div>
<br /> <a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jomf.12220/abstract?campaign=woletoc">Between Tradition and Modernity: “Leftover” Women in Shanghai</a><br />Yingchun Ji<div>
<br /> <a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jomf.12222/abstract?campaign=woletoc">Women's Attitudes Toward Family Formation and Life Stage Transitions: A Longitudinal Study in Korea</a><br />Erin Hye-Won Kim and Adam Ka Lok Cheung<div>
<br /> <a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jomf.12219/abstract?campaign=woletoc">Reprivatized Womanhood: Changes in Mainstream Media's Framing of Urban Women's Issues in China, 1995–2012</a><br />Shengwei Sun and Feinian Chen<div>
<br /> <a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jomf.12221/abstract?campaign=woletoc">Single and the City: State Influences on Intimate Relationships of Young, Single, Well-Educated Women in Singapore</a><br />Karlien Strijbosch<div>
<br /> <a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jomf.12225/abstract?campaign=woletoc">Gender and Children's Housework Time in China: Examining Behavior Modeling in Context</a><br />Yang Hu<div>
<br /><b>Brief Reports</b><br /><br /> <a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jomf.12212/abstract?campaign=woletoc">The Great Recession, Fertility, and Uncertainty: Evidence From the United States</a><br />Daniel Schneider<div>
<br /> <a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jomf.12218/abstract?campaign=woletoc">Gender Composition of Children and the Third Birth in the United States</a><br />Felicia F. Tian and S. Philip Morgan<div>
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<a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jomf.12216/abstract?campaign=woletoc">The Changing Association Among Marriage, Work, and Child Poverty in the United States, 1974–2010</a><br />Regina S. Baker<div>
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<a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jomf.12214/abstract?campaign=woletoc">Stepfather–Adolescent Relationship Quality During the First Year of Transitioning to a Stepfamily</a><br />Valarie King, Paul R. Amato and Rachel Lindstrom<div>
<br /> <a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jomf.12211/abstract?campaign=woletoc">Dimensional Latent Structure of Relationship Quality: Results of Three Representative Population Samples</a><br />Sören Kliem, Heather M. Foran, Johannes Beller, Kurt Hahlweg, Yve Stöbel-Richter and Elmar Brähler<div>
<br /><b>Of General Interest</b><br /><br /> <a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jomf.12209/abstract?campaign=woletoc">Nonmarital Relationships and Changing Perceptions of Marriage Among African American Young Adults</a><br />Ashley B. Barr, Ronald L. Simons and Leslie Gordon Simons<div>
<br /> <a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jomf.12208/abstract?campaign=woletoc">Does Marriage Moderate Genetic Effects on Delinquency and Violence?</a><br />Yi Li, Hexuan Liu and Guang Guo<br /><br /> <a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jomf.12217/abstract?campaign=woletoc">Vetting and Letting: Cohabiting Stepfamily Formation Processes in Low-Income Black Families</a><br />Megan Reid and Andrew Golub<br /><br /> <a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jomf.12213/abstract?campaign=woletoc">The “Cougar” Phenomenon: An Examination of the Factors That Influence Age-Hypogamous Sexual Relationships Among Middle-Aged Women</a><br />Milaine Alarie and Jason T. Carmichae<br /><br /> <a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jomf.12215/abstract?campaign=woletoc">Parental Work Schedules and Child Overweight or Obesity: Does Family Structure Matter?</a><br />Daniel P. Miller and Jina Chang<br /><br /><a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jomf.12210/abstract?campaign=woletoc">Maternal Work Absence: A Longitudinal Study of Language Impairment and Behavior Problems in Preschool Children</a><br />Ragnhild B. Nes, Lars J. Hauge, Tom Kornstad, Markus A. Landolt, Lorentz Irgens, Leif Eskedal, Petter Kristensen and Margarete E. Vollrath</div>
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Matthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10009344656541521703noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6847497373404473130.post-66272879447202799702015-08-30T21:00:00.002-04:002015-08-30T22:29:55.213-04:00Social Forces 94(1)<a href="https://muse.jhu.edu/journals/social_forces/toc/sof.94.1.html">Social Forces, September 2015: Volume 94, Number 1</a><br />
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<b>Economic Sociology</b><br />
<br />
<a href="https://muse.jhu.edu/journals/social_forces/v094/94.1.lin.html">The Financial Premium in the US Labor Market: A Distributional Analysis</a><br />
Ken-Hou Lin<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
Using both cross-sectional and panel data, this article revisits the evolution of the financial premium between 1970 and 2011 with a distributional approach. I report that above-market compensation was present in the finance sector in the 1970s, but concentrated mostly at the bottom of the earnings distribution. The financial premium observed since the 1980s, however, is largely driven by excessive compensation at the top, a development that increasingly contributes to the national concentration of earnings. Furthermore, the analysis suggests that the financial premium for top earners remained robust in the early 2000s, when deregulation slowed down, and in the aftermath of the recent financial meltdown. These findings are inconsistent with the account that the earnings differential is driven by unobserved skill difference and demand shocks but supportive of the institutional account of rising inequality.</blockquote>
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<a href="https://muse.jhu.edu/journals/social_forces/v094/94.1.pernell-gallagher.html">Learning from Performance: Banks, Collateralized Debt Obligations, and the Credit Crisis</a><br />
Kim Pernell-Gallagher<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
This article investigates how firms in competitive markets use external examples to assess the value of novel practices, focusing on the substantively important case of collateralized debt obligation (CDO) underwriting among US investment and commercial banks, 1996–2007. Diffusion researchers have struggled to adjudicate between competing mechanisms of social contagion, including imitation and learning. I use event-history methods to examine how banks responded to the activities and results of other CDO underwriters. I show that banks learned superstitiously from the share price performance of other CDO underwriters; as the popularity of CDO underwriting increased, banks became even more attentive to confirmatory evidence on this dimension. These findings suggest important refinements to theories of social contagion, especially neoinstitutional theory. By focusing on ordinary organizational processes in an extraordinary context, I uncover an alternative explanation for the rise of complex securitization, with implications for current understandings of the credit crisis.</blockquote>
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<b>Entrepreneurship</b><br />
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<a href="https://muse.jhu.edu/journals/social_forces/v094/94.1.thebaud.html">Status Beliefs and the Spirit of Capitalism: Accounting for Gender Biases in Entrepreneurship and Innovation</a><br />
Sarah Thébaud<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
In this article, I develop and empirically test the theoretical argument that widely shared cultural beliefs about men’s and women’s abilities in entrepreneurship (i.e., “gender status beliefs”) systematically influence the social interactions during which an entrepreneur, particularly an innovative entrepreneur, seeks support from potential stakeholders for his or her new organization. To evaluate this argument, I conducted three experimental studies in the United Kingdom and the United States in which student participants were asked to evaluate the profiles of two entrepreneurs and to make investment decisions for each. The studies manipulated the gender of the entrepreneur and the innovativeness of the business plan. The main finding is consistent across studies: gender status beliefs disadvantage typical women entrepreneurs vis-à-vis their male counterparts, but innovation in a business model has a stronger and more positive impact on ratings of women’s entrepreneurial ability and overall support for their business ideas than it does for men’s. However, the strength of these patterns varies significantly depending on the societal and industry context of the new venture in question. Findings indicate that gender status beliefs can be understood as an important “demand-side” mechanism contributing to gender inequality in aggregate entrepreneurship rates and a micro-level factor affecting the likelihood that a new and novel organization will emerge and survive.</blockquote>
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<a href="https://muse.jhu.edu/journals/social_forces/v094/94.1.ma.html">Social Belonging and Economic Action: Affection-Based Social Circles in the Creation of Private Entrepreneurship</a><br />
Dali Ma<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
Most social network studies following Granovetter’s (1985) vision of embeddedness have either focused on instrumental relations or lumped instrumentality and sentimentality together. This study seeks to clarify whether social relations that primarily build on sentimentality can impact economic action. Based on the context of Chinese market transition, this paper found that general managers that had affection-based social circles, that is, small groups in which people enjoy being together, were more likely to start a private firm after being laid off. In contrast, business-based social circles, defined as small groups mainly formed on business interests, did not have a significant interactive effect with layoff. These findings are consistent with the argument that affection-based social circles help managers experiencing job loss maintain a stable and positive self-identity, and that these circles also exert less constraint over radical career change.</blockquote>
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<b>Education</b><br />
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<a href="https://muse.jhu.edu/journals/social_forces/v094/94.1.karlson.html">Expectations on Track?: High School Tracking and Adolescent Educational Expectations</a><br />
Kristian Bernt Karlson<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
This paper examines the role of adaptation in expectation formation processes by analyzing how educational tracking in high schools affects adolescents’ educational expectations. I argue that adolescents view track placement as a signal about their academic abilities and respond to it in terms of modifying their educational expectations. Applying a difference-in-differences approach to the National Educational Longitudinal Study of 1988, I find that being placed in an advanced or honors class in high school positively affects adolescents’ expectations, particularly if placement is consistent across subjects and if placement contradicts tracking experiences in middle school. My findings support the hypothesis that adolescents adapt their educational expectations to ability signals sent by schools.</blockquote>
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<a href="https://muse.jhu.edu/journals/social_forces/v094/94.1.pfeffer.html">How Has Educational Expansion Shaped Social Mobility Trends in the United States?</a><br />
Fabian T. Pfeffer, Florian R. Hertel<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
This contribution provides a long-term assessment of intergenerational social mobility trends in the United States across the 20th and early 21st centuries and assesses the determinants of those trends. In particular, we study how educational expansion has contributed to the observed changes in mobility opportunities for men across cohorts. Drawing on recently developed decomposition methods, we empirically identify the contribution of each of the multiple channels through which changing rates of educational participation shape mobility trends. We find that a modest but gradual increase in social class mobility can nearly exclusively be ascribed to an interaction known as the compositional effect, according to which the direct influence of social class backgrounds on social class destinations is lower among the growing number of individuals attaining higher levels of education. This dominant role of the compositional effect is also due to the fact that, despite pronounced changes in the distribution of education, class inequality in education has remained stable while class returns to education have shown no consistent trend. Our analyses also provide a cautionary tale about mistaking increasing levels of social class mobility for a general trend toward more fluidity in the United States. The impact of parental education on son’s educational and class attainment has grown or remained stable, respectively. Here, the compositional effect pertaining to the direct association between parental education and son’s class attainment counteracts a long-term trend of increasing inequality in educational attainment tied to parents’ education.</blockquote>
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<b>Migration and Immigration</b><br />
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<a href="https://muse.jhu.edu/journals/social_forces/v094/94.1.fox.html">Beyond “White by Law”: Explaining the Gulf in Citizenship Acquisition between Mexican and European Immigrants, 1930</a><br />
Cybelle Fox, Irene Bloemraad<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
Between 1790 and 1952, naturalization was reserved primarily for “free white persons.” Asian immigrants were deemed non-white and racially ineligible for citizenship by legislation and the courts. European immigrants and, importantly, Mexican immigrants were considered white by law and eligible for naturalization. Yet, few Mexicans acquired US citizenship. By 1930, only 9 percent of Mexican men had naturalized, compared to 60 percent of southern and eastern Europeans and 80 percent of northern and western Europeans. If Mexicans were legally white, why did they rarely acquire citizenship in the early decades of the 20th century? We go beyond analyses focused on formal law or individual-level determinants to underscore the importance of region and non-white social status in influencing naturalization. Using 1930 US Census microfile data, we find that while individual characteristics (e.g., length of residence and literacy) explain some of the gulf in citizenship, the context of reception mattered nearly as much. Even if Mexicans were “white by law,” they were often judged non-white in practice, which significantly decreased their likelihood of naturalizing. Moreover, the more welcoming political and social climate of the Northeast and Midwest, where most European migrants lived, facilitated their acquisition of American citizenship.</blockquote>
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<a href="https://muse.jhu.edu/journals/social_forces/v094/94.1.lichter.html">Hispanics at the Starting Line: Poverty among Newborn Infants in Established Gateways and New Destinations</a><br />
Daniel T. Lichter, Scott R. Sanders, Kenneth M. Johnson<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
High rates of Hispanic fertility raise an important question: Do Hispanic newborn babies start life’s race behind the starting line, poor and disadvantaged? To address this question, we link the newborn infants identified with the new fertility question in the 2006–2010 American Community Survey (ACS) to the poverty status of mothers. Our results document the disproportionately large share (40 percent) of Hispanic babies who are born into poverty. The prospect of poverty is especially high in new Hispanic destinations, especially those in rural areas. For Hispanic newborn babies, poverty cannot be reduced to supply-side explanations that emphasize maladaptive behavioral decision-making of parents, that is, nonmarital or teen childbearing, low educational attainment, acquisition of English language skills, or other dimensions of human capital. Hispanics in new destinations often start well behind the starting line—in poverty and with limited opportunities for upward mobility and an inadequate welfare safety net. The recent concentration of Hispanic poverty in new immigrant destinations portends continuing intergenerational inequality as today’s newborn infants make their way to productive adult roles.</blockquote>
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<a href="https://muse.jhu.edu/journals/social_forces/v094/94.1.flores.html">The Resurgence of Race in Spain: Perceptions of Discrimination Among Immigrants</a><br />
René D. Flores<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
The contemporary relevance of the concept of “race” has been increasingly questioned around the world. In Europe, researchers often look with skepticism at the US emphasis on race, instead highlighting the capacity of culture, especially religion, to explain native opposition to immigrants. Using two distinct data sets, I examine self-reports of discrimination among immigrants in Spain, where elites have long denied racial differences, to understand how the reported salience of boundaries based on race, nationality, and religion change with acculturation. I find that reports of both nationality- and race-based discrimination are relatively common for newcomers, while reports of religion-based discrimination are quite rare. Yet, unlike reports of racial discrimination, reports of nationality discrimination decrease over time as immigrants’ cultural differences decline due to their cultural assimilation. For second-generation immigrants, especially non-Europeans, race replaces nationality as the primary explanation for discrimination experiences and reports of religious discrimination grow even more infrequent. I conclude that, from the perspective of immigrants, the recent transformation of Spain into a new immigrant destination has gone hand in hand with the emergence of race as the main symbolic boundary marginalizing non-European immigrants in Spain.</blockquote>
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<a href="https://muse.jhu.edu/journals/social_forces/v094/94.1.paul.html">Negotiating Migration, Performing Gender</a><br />
Anju Mary Paul<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
Increasing numbers of independent women labor migrants leave countries in the Global South every year to work overseas. However, our understanding of how exactly gender and migration intersect at the decision-making moment is still inadequate. The new economics of labor migration (NELM) argument that individual migration is a household-level decision has been criticized by feminist scholars for ignoring the gendered social norms and inequitable intra-household power distribution that can make it difficult for prospective independent female labor migrants to leave their homes to work overseas. To reconcile NELM with gender reality, I propose an explicitly gendered, “negotiated migration model” that separates the pre-migratory process into three parts: an individual-level aspiration, the household-/family-level negotiation, and only then, the migration decision. The intermediate negotiation phase is a dynamic, two-sided, discursive site where both the aspiring migrant and her relatives engage in gendering practices and gender performances to bolster their respective positions. Interviews with 139 Filipino migrant domestic workers reveal that successful female migrants win their families’ support by coopting gendered scripts prevalent in Philippine society. Rather than attempting to “undo” gender, these women reframe their migration aspirations as a duty, rather than a right, to migrate, and a logical extension of their traditional, supporting roles as daughters, wives, sisters, and/or mothers. Thus, even though these women migrants break gender barriers when it comes to their independent labor migration, they do so by “doing,” rather than “undoing,” gender.</blockquote>
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<b>Housing and Poverty</b><br />
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<a href="https://muse.jhu.edu/journals/social_forces/v094/94.1.desmond.html">Eviction’s Fallout: Housing, Hardship, and Health</a><br />
Matthew Desmond, Rachel Tolbert Kimbro<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
Millions of families across the United States are evicted each year. Yet, we know next to nothing about the impact eviction has on their lives. Focusing on low-income urban mothers, a population at high risk of eviction, this study is among the first to examine rigorously the consequences of involuntary displacement from housing. Applying two methods of propensity score analyses to data from a national survey, we find that eviction has negative effects on mothers in multiple domains. Compared to matched mothers who were not evicted, mothers who were evicted in the previous year experienced more material hardship, were more likely to suffer from depression, reported worse health for themselves and their children, and reported more parenting stress. Some evidence suggests that at least two years after their eviction, mothers still experienced significantly higher rates of material hardship and depression than peers.</blockquote>
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<a href="https://muse.jhu.edu/journals/social_forces/v094/94.1.owens.html">Housing Policy and Urban Inequality: Did the Transformation of Assisted Housing Reduce Poverty Concentration?</a><br />
Ann Owens<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
Poverty concentration reflects long-standing inequalities between neighborhoods in the United States. As the poverty concentration paradigm gained traction among policymakers and social scientists, assisted housing policy was overhauled. New assisted housing programs introduced since 1970 have dramatically reduced the geographic concentration of assisted housing units, changing the residential location of many low-income residents. Was this intervention in the housing market enough to reduce poverty concentration? Using national longitudinal data, I find that the deconcentration of assisted housing from 1977 to 2008 only modestly reduced poverty concentration in the 100 largest metropolitan areas. The results are driven by the deconcentration of assisted housing after 2000, when policies had a greater focus on dispersal of assisted housing to low-poverty neighborhoods. My results suggest that even a substantial shift in housing policy cannot make great strides in deconcentrating poverty given the existing landscape of durable urban inequality. Assisted housing policy exists alongside many other structural forces that cluster poor residents in neighborhoods, and these factors may limit its ability to reduce poverty concentration. Moreover, new housing programs rely on the private market to determine the location of assisted units, and the enduring place hierarchy among neighborhoods may influence both where assisted housing is located and its effect on the residential choices of non-assisted residents in ways that undermine poverty deconcentration.</blockquote>
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<b>Unions</b><br />
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<a href="https://muse.jhu.edu/journals/social_forces/v094/94.1.hipp.html">What Do Unions Do?: A Cross-National Reexamination of the Relationship between Unionization and Job Satisfaction</a><br />
Lena Hipp, Rebecca Kolins Givan<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
What is the relationship between unionization and job satisfaction? Despite a great deal of research over several decades, the answer to this question is still uncertain. In contrast to earlier work, which analyzed mostly data from individual companies or countries, we examine the association between union membership and job satisfaction in a cross-national perspective. We therefore combine large-scale survey data with country-level information about union and labor-market characteristics. Our multilevel approach allows us to examine whether and why the unionization–job satisfaction relationship varies across countries. The main finding of our analyses is that the relationship between union membership and job satisfaction varies across countries and that unions matter only for certain aspects of job satisfaction—those that can more readily be changed by unions. This effect, moreover, is contingent on countries’ industrial relations systems, in particular union density, bargaining coverage, and the centralization of bargaining agreements. Taken together, our results show that in order to understand how unionization influences job satisfaction, it is important to distinguish between the various aspects of job satisfaction and to consider the larger context in which unions operate.</blockquote>
<br />
<b>Sexualities</b><br />
<br />
<a href="https://muse.jhu.edu/journals/social_forces/v094/94.1.twenge.html">Time Period, Generational, and Age Differences in Tolerance for Controversial Beliefs and Lifestyles in the United States, 1972–2012</a><br />
Jean M. Twenge, Nathan T. Carter, W. Keith Campbell<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
Americans have become increasingly tolerant of controversial outgroups in results from the nationally representative General Social Survey (1972–2012, N = 35,048). Specifically, adults in the 2010s (versus the 1970s and 1980s) were more likely to agree that Communists, homosexuals, the anti-religious, militarists, and those believing Blacks are genetically inferior should be allowed to give a public speech, teach at a college, or have a book in a local library. Cross-classification hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) analyses separating the effects of time period, cohort/generation, and age show that these trends were driven by both a linear time period effect and a curvilinear cohort effect, with those born in the late 1940s (Boomers) the most tolerant when age and time period were controlled. Tolerance of homosexuals increased the most, and tolerance of racists the least. The increase in tolerance is positively correlated with higher levels of education and individualistic attitudes, including rejecting traditional social rules, but is negatively correlated with changes in empathy.</blockquote>
<br />
<a href="https://muse.jhu.edu/journals/social_forces/v094/94.1.doan.html">The Power of Love: The Role of Emotional Attributions and Standards in Heterosexuals' Attitudes toward Lesbian and Gay Couples</a><br />
Long Doan, Lisa R. Miller, Annalise Loehr<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
Do people attribute emotions differently to members of various social groups? If so, do these differences have any bearing on formal and informal forms of social recognition? Using data from a nationally representative survey experiment, we examine whether American heterosexuals differentially attribute love to lesbian, gay, and heterosexual couples. We also examine the relationship between how in love lesbian, gay, and heterosexual couples are perceived to be and attitudes toward (1) granting them partnership benefits (formal rights); (2) the acceptability of their public displays of affection (informal privileges); and (3) marriage. Three main findings suggest that heterosexuals differentially attribute love to different types of romantic couples and that these differences are related to willingness to grant social recognition. First, gay couples are viewed as less loving than both heterosexual and lesbian couples; lesbian couples are seen as equally loving as heterosexual couples. Second, perceptions of love are related to willingness to grant social recognition. Third, perceptions of love matter more for gay and, to a lesser extent, lesbian couples than for heterosexual couples regarding informal privileges and marriage. In contrast, love matters equally for same-sex and heterosexual couples regarding formal rights. The results show that gay couples are penalized most in terms of perceptions of love and social recognition, whereas lesbians occupy a liminal space between heterosexual and gay couples. Collectively, these findings suggest that sexual identity and gender shape emotional attributions, which in turn play a key role in explaining inequalities that same-sex couples face.</blockquote>
<br />
<b>Social Networks</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<a href="https://muse.jhu.edu/journals/social_forces/v094/94.1.b-srivastava.html">“Network Intervention:.”: Assessing the Effects of Formal Mentoring on Workplace Networks</a><br />
Sameer B. Srivastava<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
This article assesses the effects of formal mentoring on workplace networks. It also provides conceptual clarity and empirical evidence on expected gender differences in the effects of such programs. Qualitative interviews with 40 past participants in a formal mentoring program at a software laboratory in Beijing, China, provide insight into the core mechanisms by which such programs produce network change: access to organizational elites, participation in semiformal foci, enhanced social skills, and legitimacy-enhancing signals. These mechanisms are theorized to lead to an expansion in proteges' networks, relative to those of non-participants in formal mentoring. Legitimacy-enhancing signals are theorized to enable female proteges to derive greater network benefit from formal mentoring than their male counterparts. Empirical support for these propositions comes from a longitudinal quasi-experiment involving 75 employees who experienced the treatment of formal mentoring and 64 employees in a matched control group. A second empirical strategy, which exploits exogenous variation in the timing of treatment and enables a comparison of the post-program networks of one treated group to the pre-program networks of another treated group, provides corroborating support. These findings contribute to research on the efficacy of formal mentoring, gender and workplace networks, and the cumulative advantage or disadvantage that can arise from network change.</blockquote>
<br />
<a href="https://muse.jhu.edu/journals/social_forces/v094/94.1.stadtfeld.html">Partnership Ties Shape Friendship Networks: A Dynamic Social Network Study</a><br />
Christoph Stadtfeld, Alex (Sandy) Pentland<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
Partnership ties shape friendship networks through different social forces. First, partnership ties drive clustering in friendship networks: individuals who are in a partnership tend to have common friends and befriend other couples. Second, partnership ties influence the level of homophily in these emerging friendship clusters. Partners tend to be similar in a number of attributes (homogamy). If one partner selects friends based on preferences for homophily, then the other partner may befriend the same person regardless of whether they also have homophilic preferences. Thus, two homophilic ties emerge based on a single partner's preferences. This amplification of homophily can be observed in many attributes (e.g., ethnicity, religion, age). Gender homophily, however, may be de-amplified, as the gender of partners differs in hetero-sexual partnerships. In our study, we follow dynamic friendship formation among 126 individuals and their cohabiting partners in a university-related graduate housing community over a period of nine months (N = 2,250 self-reported friendship relations). We find that partnership ties strongly shape the dynamic process of friendship formation. They are a main driver of local network clustering and explain a striking amount of homophily.</blockquote>
Matthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10009344656541521703noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6847497373404473130.post-45341045453898874292015-08-30T21:00:00.001-04:002015-08-30T22:21:40.937-04:00Social Psychology Quarterly 78(3)<a href="http://spq.sagepub.com/content/78/3?etoc">Social Psychology Quarterly, September 2015: Volume 78, Issue 3</a><br /><br /><a href="http://spq.sagepub.com/content/78/3/205?etoc">The Transition to Adulthood: Life Course Structures and Subjective Perceptions</a><br />Scott R. Eliason, Jeylan T. Mortimer, and Mike Vuolo<br /><br /><a href="http://spq.sagepub.com/content/78/3/228?etoc">Working the Boardwalk: Trust in a Public Marketplace</a><br />Laura A. Orrico<br /><br /><a href="http://spq.sagepub.com/content/78/3/246?etoc">Threat, Opportunity, and Network Interaction in Organizations</a><br />Sameer B. Srivastava<br /><br /><a href="http://spq.sagepub.com/content/78/3/263?etoc">Poverty Attributions and the Perceived Justice of Income Inequality: A Comparison of East and West Germany</a><br />Simone M. Schneider and Juan C. CastilloMatthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10009344656541521703noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6847497373404473130.post-10209211908906024452015-08-30T21:00:00.000-04:002015-09-20T11:33:44.017-04:00Criminology & Public Policy 14(2)<a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/capp.2015.14.issue-2/issuetoc?campaign=woletoc">Criminology & Public Policy, May 2015: Volume 14, Issue 2</a><br />
<br />
<b>DISADVANTAGE AND SENTENCING OF BLACK DEFENDANTS</b><br />
<br />
EDITORIAL INTRODUCTION<br />
<a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1745-9133.12133/abstract?campaign=woletoc">Examining the “Life Course” of Criminal Cases</a><br />
Brian D. Johnson<br />
<br />
RESEARCH ARTICLE<br />
<a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1745-9133.12124/abstract?campaign=woletoc">Is the Impact of Cumulative Disadvantage on Sentencing Greater for Black Defendants?</a><br />
John Wooldredge, James Frank, Natalie Goulette and Lawrence Travis III<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
Research Summary: We examined race-group differences in the effects of how felony defendants are treated at earlier decision points in case processing on case outcomes. Multilevel analyses of 3,459 defendants nested within 123 prosecutors and 34 judges in a large, northern U.S. jurisdiction revealed significant main and interaction effects of a defendant's race on bond amounts, pretrial detention, and nonsuspended prison sentences, but no significant effects on charge reductions and prison sentence length. Evidence of greater “cumulative disadvantages” for Black defendants in general and young Black men in particular was revealed by significant indirect race effects on the odds of pretrial detention via type of attorney, prior imprisonment, and bond amounts, as well as by indirect race effects on prison sentences via pretrial detention and prior imprisonment.<br />Policy Implications: The consideration of cumulative disadvantage is important for a more complete understanding of the overincarceration of Blacks in the United States. Toward the end of reducing racial disparities in the distribution of prison sentences, courts might (a) reduce reliance on money bail, (b) consider bail amounts for indigent defendants more carefully, and (c) increase the structure of pretrial decision making to reduce the stronger effects of imprisonment history and type of attorney on the odds of pretrial detention for Black suspects.</blockquote>
<br />
POLICY ESSAYS<br />
<br />
<a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1745-9133.12125/abstract?campaign=woletoc">Evolution of Sentencing Research</a><br />
Cassia Spohn<br />
<br />
<a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1745-9133.12130/abstract?campaign=woletoc">Attenuating Disparities Through Four Areas of Change</a><br />
Traci Schlesinger<br />
<br />
<b>POLICE ENCOUNTERS WITH PEOPLE WITH MENTAL ILLNESS</b><br />
<br />
EDITORIAL INTRODUCTION<br />
<a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1745-9133.12146/abstract?campaign=woletoc">Police Encounters with People with Mental Illness</a><br />
Robin S. Engel<br />
<br />
RESEARCH ARTICLE<br />
<a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1745-9133.12127/abstract?campaign=woletoc">Is Dangerousness a Myth? Injuries and Police Encounters with People with Mental Illnesses</a><br />
Melissa Schaefer Morabito and Kelly M. Socia<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
Research Summary: This study examined all “use-of-force” reports collected by the Portland Police Bureau in Portland, Oregon, between 2008 and 2011, to determine whether their encounters with people with mental illnesses are more likely to result in injury to officers or subjects when force is used. Although several factors significantly predicted the likelihood of injury to either subjects or officers, mental illness was not one of them.<br />Policy Implications: Police consider interactions with people with mental illnesses to be extremely dangerous (Margarita, 1980). Our results question the accuracy of this belief. As such, this “dangerousness” assertion may result in unnecessary stigmatization that may prevent people with mental illnesses from accessing needed services (cf. Corrigan et al., 2005) as witnesses or victims of crime. Policies that reduce stigma may help increase police effectiveness. Furthermore, efforts should be made to increase the availability and accuracy of data on this issue.</blockquote>
<br />
POLICY ESSAYS<br />
<br />
<a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1745-9133.12128/abstract?campaign=woletoc">Police Use of Force and the Suspect with Mental Illness</a><br />
Geoffrey P. Alpert<br />
<br />
<a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1745-9133.12134/abstract?campaign=woletoc">Building on the Evidence</a><br />
Allison G. Robertson<br />
<br />
<div>
<b>OUTCOME EVALUATION PROGRAM FOR FEMALE OFFENDERS</b><br />
<br />
EDITORIAL INTRODUCTION<br />
<a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1745-9133.12137/abstract?campaign=woletoc">Implementation and Outcomes in Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy Among Female Prisoners</a><br />
Gary Zajac<br />
<br />
RESEARCH ARTICLE<br />
<a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1745-9133.12123/abstract?campaign=woletoc">Importance of Program Integrity</a><br />
Grant Duwe and Valerie Clark<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
Research Summary: We used a quasi-experimental design to evaluate the effectiveness of Moving On, a gender-responsive, cognitive-behavioral program designed for female offenders. Between 2001 and 2013, there were two distinct periods in which Moving On was administered with, and without, fidelity among female Minnesota prisoners. To determine whether program integrity matters, we examined the performance of Moving On across these two periods. By using multiple comparison groups, we found that Moving On significantly reduced two of the four measures of recidivism when it was implemented with fidelity. The program did not have a significant impact on any of the four recidivism measures, however, when it operated without fidelity.<br />Policy Implication: The growth of the “what works” literature and the emphasis on evidence-based practices have helped foster the notion that correctional systems can improve public safety by reducing recidivism. Given that Moving On's success hinged on whether it was delivered with integrity, our results show that correctional practitioners can take an effective intervention and make it ineffective. Providing offenders with evidence-based interventions that lack therapeutic integrity not only promotes a false sense of effectiveness, but also it squanders the limited supply of programming resources available to correctional agencies. The findings suggest that ensuring program integrity is critical to the efficient use of successful interventions that deliver on the promise of reduced recidivism.</blockquote>
<br />
POLICY ESSAYS<br />
<br />
<a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1745-9133.12131/abstract?campaign=woletoc">Program Integrity and the Principles of Gender-Responsive Interventions</a><br />
Emily J. Salisbury<br />
<br />
<a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1745-9133.12138/abstract?campaign=woletoc">Rethinking Program Fidelity for Criminal Justice</a><br />
J. Mitchell Miller and Holly Ventura Miller<br />
<br />
<b>FORGOTTEN PRISONERS</b><br />
<br />
EDITORIAL INTRODUCTION<br />
<a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1745-9133.12135/abstract?campaign=woletoc">Changing the Knowledge Base and Public Perception of Long-Term Prisoners</a><br />
Marc Mauer<br />
<br />
RESEARCH ARTICLE<br />
<a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1745-9133.12126/abstract?campaign=woletoc">Imperative for Inclusion of Long Termers and Lifers in Research and Policy</a><br />
Lila Kazemian and Jeremy Travis<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
Research Summary: Although numerous studies have highlighted the negative consequences of mass incarceration, life-course and criminal career research has largely failed to document psychological, social, and behavioral changes that occur during periods of incarceration. This oversight is particularly noteworthy in the case of individuals serving long sentences, as they spend a significant portion of the life course behind bars. The policies and programs targeting prisoners are seldom tailored to long termers and lifers, and we know little about effective interventions, or even how to measure effectiveness, for this population. By drawing on the relevant empirical research, this article underlines the importance of reorienting some research efforts and policy priorities toward individuals serving life or otherwise long prison sentences.<br />Policy Implications: During the last 20 years, the prevalence of life sentences has increased substantially in the United States. We argue that there are various benefits to developing policies that consider the challenges and issues affecting long termers and lifers. In addition to the ethical and human rights concerns associated with the treatment of this population, there are several pragmatic justifications for this argument. Long termers and lifers spend a substantial number of years in prison, but most are eventually released. These individuals can play a key role in shaping the prison community and potentially could contribute to the development of a healthier prison climate. Investment in the well-being of individuals serving long sentences may also have diffused benefits that can extend to their families and communities. It would be advantageous for correctional authorities and policy makers to consider the potentially pivotal role of long termers and lifers in efforts to mitigate the negative consequences of incarceration.</blockquote>
<br />
POLICY ESSAYS<br />
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1745-9133.12129/abstract?campaign=woletoc">Reducing Severe Sentences</a><br />
Jessica S. Henry<br />
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1745-9133.12132/abstract?campaign=woletoc">Effects of Life Imprisonment and the Crisis of Prisoner Health</a><br />
Benjamin Fleury-Steiner<br />
<br />
<b>TERRORISM TARGET SUITABILITY</b><br />
<br />
SPECIAL ESSAY<br />
<a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1745-9133.12122/abstract?campaign=woletoc">Target Suitability and Terrorism Events at Places</a><br />
Nancy A. Morris</div>
</div>
</div>
Matthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10009344656541521703noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6847497373404473130.post-64665823019607364092015-08-23T21:00:00.004-04:002015-08-23T21:17:29.797-04:00Criminology 53(3)<a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/crim.2015.53.issue-3/issuetoc?campaign=woletoc">Criminology, August 2015, Volume 53, Issue 3</a><br />
<br />
<a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1745-9125.12071/abstract?campaign=woletoc">Biting Once, Twice: The Influence Of Prior On Subsequent Crime Location Choice</a><br />
Marre Lammers, Barbara Menting, Stijn Ruiter And Wim Bernasco<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
Properties, victims, and locations previously targeted by offenders have an increased risk of being targeted again within a short time period. It has been suggested that often the same offenders are involved in these repeated events and, thus, that offenders’ prior crime location choices influence their subsequent crime location choices. This article examines repeated crime location choices, testing the hypothesis that offenders are more likely to commit a crime in an area they previously targeted than in areas they did not target before. Unique data from four different data sources are used to study the crime location choices of 3,666 offenders who committed 12,639 offenses. The results indicate that prior crime locations strongly influence subsequent crime location choices. The effects of prior crime locations are larger if the crimes are frequent, if they are recent, if they are nearby, and if they are the same type of crime.</blockquote>
<br />
<a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1745-9125.12073/abstract?campaign=woletoc">Intimate Partner Violence In Young Adulthood: Narratives Of Persistence And Desistance</a><br />
Peggy C. Giordano, Wendi L. Johnson, Wendy D. Manning, Monica A. Longmore And Mallory D. Minter<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
Prior research on patterns of intimate partner violence (IPV) has documented changes over time, but few studies have focused directly on IPV desistance processes. This analysis identifies unique features of IPV, providing a rationale for the focus on this form of behavior cessation. We develop a life-course perspective on social learning as a conceptual framework and draw on qualitative interviews (n = 89) elicited from a sample of young adults who participated in a larger longitudinal study (Toledo Adolescent Relationships Study). The respondents’ backgrounds reflected a range of persistence and desistance from IPV perpetration. Our analyses revealed that relationship-based motivations and changes were central features of the narratives of successful desisters, whether articulated as a stand-alone theme or in tandem with other potential “hooks” for change. The analysis provides a counterpoint to individualistic views of desistance processes, highlighting ways in which social experiences foster attitude shifts and associated behavioral changes that respondents tied to this type of behavior change. The analyses of persisters and those for whom change seemed to be a work in progress provide points of contrast and highlight barriers that limit a respondent's desistance potential. We describe implications for theories of desistance as well as for IPV prevention and intervention efforts.</blockquote>
<br />
<a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1745-9125.12078/abstract?campaign=woletoc">Delinquency And Gender Moderation In The Moving To Opportunity Intervention: The Role Of Extended Neighborhoods</a><br />
Corina Graif<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
A long history of research has indicated that neighborhood poverty increases youth's risk taking and delinquency. This literature predominantly has treated neighborhoods as independent of their surroundings despite rapidly growing ecological evidence on the geographic clustering of crime that suggests otherwise. This study proposes that to understand neighborhood effects, investigating youth's wider surroundings holds theoretical and empirical value. By revisiting longitudinal data on more than 1500 low-income youth who participated in the Moving to Opportunity (MTO) randomized intervention, this article explores the importance of extended neighborhoods (neighborhoods and surroundings) and different concentrated disadvantage configurations in shaping gender differences in risk taking and delinquency. The results from two-stage, least-squares analyses suggest that the extended neighborhoods matter and they matter differently by gender. Among girls, extended neighborhoods without concentrated disadvantage were associated with lower risk-taking prevalence than extended neighborhoods with concentrated disadvantage. In contrast, among boys, localized concentration of disadvantage was associated with the highest prevalence of risk taking and delinquency. Interactions between the immediate and surrounding neighborhoods were similarly associated with differential opportunity and social disorganization mediators. Among the more critical potential mediators of the link between localized disadvantage and boys’ risk taking were delinquent network ties, strain, and perceived absence of legitimate opportunities for success.</blockquote>
<br />
<a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1745-9125.12074/abstract?campaign=woletoc">Close-Ups And The Scale Of Ecology: Land Uses And The Geography Of Social Context And Crime</a><br />
Adam Boessen And John R. Hipp<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
Whereas one line of recent neighborhood research has placed an emphasis on zooming into smaller units of analysis such as street blocks, another line of research has suggested that even the meso-area of neighborhoods is too narrow and that the area surrounding the neighborhood is also important. Thus, there is a need to examine the scale at which the social ecology impacts crime. We use data from seven cities from around the year 2000 to test our research questions using multilevel negative binomial regression models (N = 73,010 blocks and 8,231 block groups). Our results suggest that although many neighborhood factors seem to operate on the microscale of blocks, others seem to have a much broader impact. In addition, we find that racially and ethnically homogenous blocks within heterogeneous block groups have the most crime. Our findings also show the strongest results for a multitude of land-use measures and that these measures sharpen some of the associations from social characteristics. Thus, we find that accounting for multiple scales simultaneously is important in ecological studies of crime.</blockquote>
<br />
<a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1745-9125.12075/abstract?campaign=woletoc">Intimate Partner Violence Risk Among Victims Of Youth Violence: Are Early Unions Bad, Beneficial, Or Benign?</a><br />
Danielle C. Kuhl, David F. Warner And Tara D. Warner<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
Youth violent victimization (YVV) is a risk factor for precocious exits from adolescence via early coresidential union formation. It remains unclear, however, whether these early unions 1) are associated with intimate partner violence (IPV) victimization, 2) interrupt victim continuity or victim–offender overlap through protective and prosocial bonds, or 3) are inconsequential. By using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (N = 11,928; 18–34 years of age), we examine competing hypotheses for the effect of early union timing among victims of youth violence (n = 2,479)—differentiating across victimization only, perpetration only, and mutually combative relationships and considering variation by gender. The results from multinomial logistic regression models indicate that YVV increases the risk of IPV victimization in first unions, regardless of union timing; the null effect of timing indicates that delaying union formation would not reduce youth victims’ increased risk of continued victimization. Gender-stratified analyses reveal that earlier unions can protect women against IPV perpetration, but this is partly the result of an increased risk of IPV victimization. The findings suggest that YVV has significant transformative consequences, leading to subsequent victimization by coresidential partners, and this association might be exacerbated among female victims who form early unions. We conclude by discussing directions for future research.</blockquote>
<br />
<a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1745-9125.12076/abstract?campaign=woletoc">Testing For Temporally Differentiated Relationships Among Potentially Criminogenic Places And Census Block Street Robbery Counts</a><br />
Cory P. Haberman And Jerry H. Ratcliffe<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
This study examined street robbery patterns in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, from the years 2009 to 2011 to determine whether the effects of potentially criminogenic places are different across different periods of the day. Census block (N = 13,164) street robbery counts across four periods (6:45 a.m. to 9:59 a.m., 10:00 a.m. to 4:29 p.m., 4:30 p.m. to 9:14 p.m., and 9:15 p.m. to 6:44 a.m.) were modeled with 12 different potentially criminogenic places, 3 measures of illicit markets, 4 compositional control variables, and spatially lagged versions of the 12 potentially criminogenic places and population using simultaneously estimated negative binomial regression models. Differences in the magnitudes of the parameter estimates across the time periods were assessed with Wald tests. Overall, the patterns across the four models were mostly consistent with the effects hypothesized based on the study's crime pattern theory and time-geography theoretical frame; yet differences in the magnitudes of the coefficients were less pronounced than hypothesized. Overall, the results provide moderate support for the crime pattern theory and time-geography explanation of spatial-temporal robbery patterns; however, numerous points are raised for future crime and place research.</blockquote>
<br />
<a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1745-9125.12077/abstract?campaign=woletoc">A Threshold Model Of Collective Crime</a><br />
Jean Marie Mcgloin And Zachary R. Rowan<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
The group nature of offending has been recognized as an inherent characteristic of criminal behavior, yet our insight on the decision to engage in group crime is limited. This article argues that a threshold model offers broad appeal to understand this decision. After discussing the basis of this model and its applicability to collective crime, we offer one example of the kind of research that could stem from this model. Specifically, by using survey data from 583 university students, this study asked respondents to self-report thresholds for group theft and destruction of property. By experimentally manipulating characteristics of the hypothetical scenario used to measure thresholds, we investigated both the individual- and situational-level correlates of these self-reported thresholds. The discussion considers the results that emerge from a Tobit regression model and offers suggestions for future research that would provide further refinement of the threshold model.</blockquote>
Matthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10009344656541521703noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6847497373404473130.post-33320768950589250662015-08-23T21:00:00.003-04:002015-08-23T21:08:08.584-04:00American Journal of Sociology 121(1)<div>
<a href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/681060?origin=JSTOR-HTMLeTOCAlert">American Journal of Sociology, July 2015: Volume 121, Issue 1</a></div>
<div>
<br />
<a href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/682066?origin=JSTOR-HTMLeTOCAlert">How Places Shape Identity: The Origins of Distinctive LBQ Identities in Four Small U.S. Cities</a><br />
Japonica Brown-Saracino</div>
<div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
Tools from the study of neighborhood effects, place distinction, and regional identity are employed in an ethnography of four small cities with growing populations of lesbian, bisexual, and queer-identified (LBQ) women to explain why orientations to sexual identity are relatively constant within each site, despite informants’ within-city demographic heterogeneity, but vary substantially across the sites, despite common place-based attributes. The author introduces the concept of “sexual identity cultures”—and reveals the defining role of cities in shaping their contours. She finds that LBQ numbers and acceptance, place narratives, and newcomers’ encounters with local social attributes serve as touchstones. The article looks beyond major categorical differences (e.g., urban/rural) to understand how and why identities evolve and vary and to reveal the fundamental interplay of demographic, cultural, and other city features previously thought isolatable. The findings challenge notions of identity as fixed and emphasize the degree to which self-understanding and group understanding remain collective accomplishments.</blockquote>
<br /></div>
<div>
<a href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/682026?origin=JSTOR-HTMLeTOCAlert">The Structure of Contingency</a><br />
Ivan Ermakoff</div>
<div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
Can we identify and theorize contingency as a property of processes and situations? Applied to social and historical events, contingency denotes a mode of causality characterized by its indeterminate character. Conjunctural causation and period effects lack the specificity required to identify a distinctive class of processes. References to chance happenings offer no clue to analyze endogenous disruptions. Focusing on breaks in patterns of social relations and the role played by individual agency, the author distinguishes four types of impact—pyramidal, pivotal, sequential, and epistemic—and investigates how these relate to the possibility of indeterminacy through an Event Structure Analysis of the night of August 4, 1789, in Versailles. This empirical foray underscores the significance of junctures that are indeterminate with respect to their collective outcomes. The article grounds analytically this class of conjunctures with the concept of mutual uncertainty, gauges the phenomenal scope of this contingency in terms of action domains and group types, contrasts it with the notion of chance events, and draws its implications for the study of social and historical change.</blockquote>
<br /></div>
<div>
<a href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/682027?origin=JSTOR-HTMLeTOCAlert">Closing Ranks: Closure, Status Competition, and School Segregation</a><br />
Jeremy Fiel</div>
<div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
The shift away from school desegregation policies toward market-based reforms necessitates a deeper understanding of the social and institutional forces driving contemporary school segregation. The author conceptualizes school segregation as a mode of monopolistic closure amid status competition, where racial/ethnic groups compete for school-based status and resources. He tests the theory by analyzing primary and secondary school segregation throughout the United States from 1993 to 2010. Findings support the hypotheses that segregation increases with the salience of race/ethnicity and the decentralization of school systems, which fuels differentiation and provides incentives and opportunities to monopolize schools. Parallel findings for black-white, Hispanic-white, and black-Hispanic segregation suggest that a core set of processes drives school segregation as a general phenomenon.</blockquote>
<br /></div>
<div>
<a href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/681985?origin=JSTOR-HTMLeTOCAlert">Selective Service, the Gender-Ordered Family, and the Rational Informality of the American State</a><br />
Dorit Geva</div>
<div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
How do gender relations regulate the American state? To answer this question the author examines archival material on the formation and operation of the Selective Service System during World War I, the understudied federal American draft system. She shows how the federal government vested local draft board members with the authority to determine on a subjective, case-by-case basis whether potential draftees were genuine breadwinners in determining whom to draft and who would receive dependency-based deferments. Informal rules of thumb about the gender-ordered family structured the First World War draft. By analyzing the Selective Service System and by placing feminist political sociology, scholarship in the American political development tradition, and Weberian scholarship on the modern state in critical dialogue with one another, the author identifies how the American state’s locally applied substantive rationality relied on the family’s gender hierarchy in ordering its rational informality. Gender relations thereby rationalized the state’s local informality.</blockquote>
<br /></div>
<div>
<a href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/682023?origin=JSTOR-HTMLeTOCAlert">The Sound of Stigmatization: Sonic Habitus, Sonic Styles, and Boundary Work in an Urban Slum</a><br />
Ori Schwarz</div>
<div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
Based on focus groups and interviews with student renters in an Israeli slum, the article explores the contributions of differences in sonic styles and sensibilities to boundary work, social categorization, and evaluation. Alongside visual cues such as broken windows, bad neighborhoods are characterized by sonic cues, such as shouts from windows. Students understand “being ghetto” as being loud in a particular way and use loudness as a central resource in their boundary work. Loudness is read as a performative index of class and ethnicity, and the performance of middle-class studentship entails being appalled by stigmatized sonic practices and participating in their exoticization. However, the sonic is not merely yet another resource of boundary work. Paying sociological attention to senses other than vision reveals complex interactions between structures anchored in the body, structures anchored in language, and actors’ identification strategies, which may refine theorizations of the body and the senses in social theory.</blockquote>
<br /></div>
<div>
<a href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/681968?origin=JSTOR-HTMLeTOCAlert">Caste and Choice: The Influence of Developmental Idealism on Marriage Behavior</a><br />
Keera Allendorf and Arland Thornton<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
Is the marriage behavior of young people determined by their socioeconomic characteristics or their endorsement of developmental idealism? This article addresses this question using a unique longitudinal data set from Nepal and provides the first individual-level test of developmental idealism theory. The authors find that unmarried individuals with greater endorsement of developmental idealism in 2008 were more likely by 2012 to choose their own spouse, including a spouse of a different caste, rather than have an arranged marriage. Those with salaried work experience were also less likely to have arranged marriages, but urban proximity and education were not significant. The authors conclude that both developmental idealism and socioeconomic characteristics influence marriage and that their influences are largely independent.</blockquote>
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Matthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10009344656541521703noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6847497373404473130.post-33462062850534869202015-08-23T21:00:00.002-04:002015-08-23T21:05:09.382-04:00Annual Review of Sociology 41<a href="http://www.annualreviews.org/toc/soc/41/1">Annual Review of Sociology, 2015: Volume 41</a><br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev-soc-073014-112142">Intersectionality's Definitional Dilemmas</a><br />
Patricia Hill Collins<br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev-soc-073014-112230">What Sociologists Should Know About Complexity</a><br />
Scott E. Page<br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev-soc-073014-112242">Beyond Altruism: Sociological Foundations of Cooperation and Prosocial Behavior</a><br />
Brent Simpson and Robb Willer<br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev-soc-073014-112317">The Emergence of Global Systemic Risk</a><br />
Miguel A. Centeno, Manish Nag, Thayer S. Patterson, Andrew Shaver, and A. Jason Windawi<br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev-soc-071312-145702">The Stigma Complex</a><br />
Bernice A. Pescosolido and Jack K. Martin<br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev-soc-071913-043208">The Sociology of Consumption: Its Recent Development</a><br />
Alan Warde<br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev-soc-073014-112437">Punishment Regimes and the Multilevel Effects of Parental Incarceration: Intergenerational, Intersectional, and Interinstitutional Models of Social Inequality and Systemic Exclusion</a><br />
Holly Foster and John Hagan<br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev-soc-073014-112340">Sociology and School Choice: What We Know After Two Decades of Charter Schools</a><br />
Mark Berends<br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev-soc-073014-112204">Effects of the Great Recession: Health and Well-Being</a><br />
Sarah A. Burgard and Lucie Kalousova<br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev-soc-073014-112402">Financialization of the Economy</a><br />
Gerald F. Davis and Suntae Kim<br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev-soc-073014-112506">Human Trafficking and Contemporary Slavery</a><br />
Ronald Weitzer<br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev-soc-071913-043426">New Directions for the Sociology of Development</a><br />
Jocelyn Viterna and Cassandra Robertson<br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev-soc-071913-043243">Empire, Health, and Health Care: Perspectives at the End of Empire as We Have Known It</a><br />
Howard Waitzkin and Rebeca Jasso-Aguilar<br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev-soc-073014-112326">Incarceration and Health</a><br />
Michael Massoglia and William Alex Pridemore<br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev-soc-073014-112305">Is Racism a Fundamental Cause of Inequalities in Health?</a><br />
Jo C. Phelan and Bruce G. Link<br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev-soc-071312-145659">STEM Education</a><br />
Yu Xie, Michael Fang, and Kimberlee Shauman<br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev-soc-071913-043237">The Far-Reaching Impact of Job Loss and Unemployment</a><br />
Jennie E. Brand<br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev-soc-073014-112223">Environmental Dimensions of Migration</a><br />
Lori M. Hunter, Jessie K. Luna, and Rachel M. Norton<br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev-soc-073014-112249">Intraregional Migration in South America: Trends and a Research Agenda</a><br />
Marcela Cerrutti and Emilio Parrado<br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev-soc-073014-112258">Reproduction</a><br />
Rene Almeling<br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev-soc-071913-043406">Does Schooling Increase or Reduce Social Inequality?</a><br />
Stephen W. Raudenbush and Robert D. Eschmann<br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev-soc-073014-112428">Marriage and Family in East Asia: Continuity and Change</a><br />
James M. Raymo, Hyunjoon Park, Yu Xie, and Wei-jun Jean Yeung<br />
<br />Matthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10009344656541521703noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6847497373404473130.post-84208929482779780232015-08-23T21:00:00.001-04:002015-08-23T21:00:03.859-04:00Crime & Delinquency 61(7)<a href="http://cad.sagepub.com/content/61/7?etoc">Crime & Delinquency, September 2015: Volume 61, Issue 7</a><br /><br /><a href="http://cad.sagepub.com/content/61/7/899?etoc">The Victim-Offender Overlap, Intimate Partner Violence, and Sex: Assessing Differences Among Victims, Offenders, and Victim-Offenders</a><br />Lisa R. Muftić, Mary A. Finn, and Erin A. Marsh<br /><blockquote class="tr_bq">
This study examines the overlap between victimization and offending within officially recorded incidents of intimate partner violence (IPV). Using official police data, 1,256 individuals are initially differentiated by their role as the victim or the offender in an IPV incident and then categorized into four distinct groups (e.g., as victims, persistent offenders, desistent offenders, or victim-offenders) based on their role in further officially recorded IPV incidents during an 18-to 30-month follow-up period. Of particular interest is the victim-offender category, which involves individuals who switched roles from the original IPV incident (e.g., IPV victims who later became IPV offenders or IPV offenders who later became IPV victims). Results suggest that important distinctions exist across categories related to sex and crime exposure. Compared with victims who were predominately female and offenders who were predominately male, victim-offenders were the most gender symmetric and exhibited greater contacts with the justice process prior to and after the original IPV incident. Implications from these findings, as well as limitations and suggestions for further research are discussed.</blockquote>
<br /><a href="http://cad.sagepub.com/content/61/7/927?etoc">Trajectories of Crime and Familial Characteristics: A Longitudinal National Population-Based Study</a><br />Shachar Yonai, Stephen Z. Levine, and Joseph Glicksohn<br /><blockquote class="tr_bq">
The present study primarily aims to empirically identify offender trajectory groups and their associated first-, second-, and third-degree familial characteristics. Data were extracted on all first and subsequent juvenile offenders (n = 18,915) with criminal convictions (n = 90,393) from 1996 to 2008 recorded in the National Crime Registry of the State of Israel. Semiparametric group-based modeling identified low-rate (76.88%), late-peak adolescence (3.85%), middle-peak adolescence (10.22%), early-peak adolescence (3.22%), and chronic (5.83%) offender trajectories. Compared with low-rate offenders, chronic offenders had significantly more nonviolent offenses and first-degree imprisoned relatives who were imprisoned during childhood and adolescence. In conclusion, parental imprisonment appears to act as a parent–child separation mechanism that modestly increases the likelihood of chronic offending.</blockquote>
<br /><a href="http://cad.sagepub.com/content/61/7/950?etoc">Crime and the Transition to Adulthood: A Person-Centered Approach</a><br />Stacey J. Bosick<br /><blockquote class="tr_bq">
Recent studies of the transition to adulthood advocate taking a person-centered approach and modeling key transitional events simultaneously. This article advances this literature by focusing on precarious transitioning among at-risk youth and relating their transition experiences to criminal offending. I find evidence for three distinct “pathways” to adulthood. Those with juvenile convictions are equally likely to take one of two “precarious” routes to adulthood—an early family starter pathway or a stalled pathway. Importantly, early family starters are much less likely than stalled transitioners to offend as adults. The findings suggest the transition to adulthood represents a fork in the road for juvenile delinquents in which early family starting serves as an avenue out of continued offending.</blockquote>
<br /><a href="http://cad.sagepub.com/content/61/7/973?etoc">The Relationship Between Childhood Maltreatment and Adolescent Violent Victimization</a><br />Marie Skubak Tillyer<br /><blockquote class="tr_bq">
Research has identified numerous negative consequences of childhood maltreatment, including poor academic performance, psychological distress, and delinquency. To date, studies examining childhood maltreatment and subsequent victimization have largely focused on the relationship between childhood sexual abuse and intimate partner abuse in adulthood. It is unclear, however, if maltreatment during childhood is related to subsequent violent victimization during adolescence. Theories of victimization, in combination with the existing literature on the causes and consequences of childhood maltreatment, suggest that these experiences would be correlated. This study used longitudinal data from a nationally representative sample of adolescents to examine whether childhood maltreatment is empirically related to subsequent adolescent violent victimization, and if so, whether this relationship can be explained by existing victimization theories. Findings indicate that a significant relationship exists between childhood maltreatment and adolescent violent victimization, and that a risky lifestyle appears to mediate the relationship.</blockquote>
<br /><a href="http://cad.sagepub.com/content/61/7/996?etoc">Whites’ Perceptions About Black Criminality: A Closer Look at the Contact Hypothesis</a><br />Christina Mancini, Daniel P. Mears, Eric A. Stewart, Kevin M. Beaver, and Justin T. Pickett<blockquote class="tr_bq">
Scholars have documented how media accounts and policy discourse have presented Blacks and criminality as virtually synonymous, a phenomenon termed the racialization of crime. However, despite extant research on the contact hypothesis—which holds that relationships with members of other groups should reduce stereotypes—no studies have examined whether different indicators of interracial contact (IC) affect Whites’ perceptions of Black criminality; by extension, no research speaks to whether IC effects are contingent on types of racialized views, or whether the amount of IC impacts perceptions. To advance scholarship, this study uses survey data to analyze the extent to which each type of IC is associated with Whites’ views of Black criminality. It then examines whether IC differentially predicts beliefs in crime versus non-crime-related stereotypes. Finally, it assesses whether the amount of IC influences stereotype endorsement. Consistent with the contact hypothesis, results indicate a generalized stereotype-reducing impact of IC, with some caveats.</blockquote>
Matthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10009344656541521703noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6847497373404473130.post-13333978977633966002015-08-23T21:00:00.000-04:002015-08-23T21:00:00.712-04:00The ANNALS of the AAPSS 661<a href="http://ann.sagepub.com/?etoc">The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, September 2015; Volume 661</a><br /><br /><b>Introduction</b><div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<a href="http://ann.sagepub.com/content/661/1/8?etoc">Biological Determinism and Racial Essentialism: The Ideological Double Helix of Racial Inequality</a><br />W. Carson Byrd and Matthew W. Hughey<br /><br /><b>Race and Biological Determinism: Then and Now</b><br /><br /><a href="http://ann.sagepub.com/content/661/1/24?etoc">Great Is Their Sin: Biological Determinism in the Age of Genomics</a><br />Joseph L. Graves, Jr.<br /><br /><a href="http://ann.sagepub.com/content/661/1/51?etoc">Back to the Future? The Emergence of a Geneticized Conceptualization of Race in Sociology</a><br />Reanne Frank<br /><br /><a href="http://ann.sagepub.com/content/661/1/65?etoc">How Troubling Is Our Inheritance? A Review of Genetics and Race in the Social Sciences</a><br />Philip N. Cohen<br /><br /><b>Racializing Genes and Biological Determinism in Health and Science</b><br /><br /><a href="http://ann.sagepub.com/content/661/1/86?etoc">Science and Struggle: Emerging Forms of Race and Activism in the Genomic Era</a><br />Catherine Bliss<br /><br /><a href="http://ann.sagepub.com/content/661/1/109?etoc">Race, Methodology, and Social Construction in the Genomic Era</a><br />Tukufu Zuberi, Evelyn J. Patterson, and Quincy Thomas Stewart<br /><br /><b>Biological Determinism and Social Policy</b><br /><br /><a href="http://ann.sagepub.com/content/661/1/130?etoc">The Emperor’s New Genes: Science, Public Policy, and the Allure of Objectivity</a><br />Ruha Benjamin<br /><br /><a href="http://ann.sagepub.com/content/661/1/143?etoc">The Biobank as Political Artifact: The Struggle over Race in Categorizing Genetic Difference</a><br />Sandra Soo-Jin Lee<br /><br /><a href="http://ann.sagepub.com/content/661/1/160?etoc">Genetic Determinism, Technology Optimism, and Race: Views of the American Public</a><br />Jennifer Hochschild and Maya Sen<br /><br /><b>Biological Determinism in Everyday Life</b><br /><br /><a href="http://ann.sagepub.com/content/661/1/182?etoc">A Level Playing Field? Media Constructions of Athletics, Genetics, and Race</a><br />Matthew W. Hughey and Devon R. Goss<br /><br /><a href="http://ann.sagepub.com/content/661/1/212?etoc">Ultimate Attribution in the Genetic Era: White Support for Genetic Explanations of Racial Difference and Policies</a><br />W. Carson Byrd and Victor E. Ray<br /><br /><b>Conclusion</b><br /><br /><a href="http://ann.sagepub.com/content/661/1/238?etoc">Beautiful Melodies Telling Me Terrible Things: The Future of Race and Genetics for Scholars and Policy-Makers</a><br />Matthew W. Hughey and W. Carson Byrd</div>
Matthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10009344656541521703noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6847497373404473130.post-41106798031155576712015-08-09T21:00:00.001-04:002015-08-09T21:00:02.039-04:00 Critical Criminology 23(3)<a href="http://link.springer.com/journal/10612/23/3"><i>Critical Criminology</i>, September 2015: Volume 23, Issue 3</a><br /><br /><a href="http://alerts.springer.com/re?l=D0In5x7m3I6h4nm08Ix">Death Matters: Victimization by Particle Matter from Coal Fired Power Plants in the US, a Green Criminological View</a><br />Michael J. Lynch & Kimberly L. Barrett<br /><blockquote class="tr_bq">
The present study examines deaths and diseases associated with pollution from coal fired power plants (CFPPs) and compares the volume of those deaths and diseases to deaths and injuries associated with street crimes. This comparison illustrates that the single form of pollution studied here—CFPP small particle pollution—causes more deaths in the US than homicides and deserves additional criminological attention. We frame our examination of CFPP deaths and injuries in the corporate crime and green criminological literatures, and explore CFPP pollution as an example of corporate environmental violence. The widespread nature of CFPP violence justifies focusing greater criminological attention on this issue, including the development of policies for remedying pollution, which is now a ubiquitous problem with severe health consequences.</blockquote>
<br /><a href="http://alerts.springer.com/re?l=D0In5x7m3I6h4nm08I10">The Anarchy Police: Militant Anti-Fascism as Alternative Policing Practice</a><div>
Stanislav Vysotsky</div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
Anarchist criminology has produced a strong critique of the system of criminal law, but has only recently started to theorize practical alternatives. The alternatives that it offers have been largely rooted in pacifism through the practice of restorative justice and deescalation of conflict. These models are generally effective so long as the individuals involved are committed to the process being applied. Ethnographic study of the anti-fascist movement in the United States demonstrates a potential model of anarchist response to threats of community and public safety in prefigurative subcultural spaces. The confrontational and violent tactics employed by militant anti-fascists serve as a form of policing based on anarchist principles of spontaneity, direct democracy, and direct action; and can serve as a starting point for theorizing proactive anarchist actions against individuals who threaten public safety and order.</blockquote>
<div>
<br /><span style="color: #0000ee;"><u>War, Crime and Military Victimhood</u></span><br />Ross McGarry</div>
<div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="color: black;">Within this article the lived realities of violent crimes relating to the British military are explored taking influence from left realist criminology to develop Bryant’s (Khaki-collar crime: deviant behavior in the military context. The Free Press, New York, 1979) notion of Khaki-Collar Crime. Situated within the context of victimology, our attention is drawn to the ways in which two British military personnel have been perceived as victims and offenders of violent crime within public and legal domains. Using these events as a touchstone for critical analysis it is suggested that several key concerns relating to the ‘unification’ of war and criminal justice are illuminated by employing the concept of ‘military victimhood’: it enhances the perception of soldiers’ vulnerabilities; provides sympathetic conditions to understand military offending; subjugates the position of ‘Others’ within the justice system; and has been appropriated to further domestic counter-terrorism policy in the UK. In making this argument a platform is presented to reengage with khaki-collar crime and help rethink criminological left realism.</span></blockquote>
<div>
<span style="color: #0000ee;"><u><br /></u></span></div>
<div>
<span style="color: #0000ee;"><u>Moving Full-Speed Ahead in the Wrong Direction? A Critical Examination of US Sex-Offender Policy from a Positive Sexuality Model</u></span><br />D. J. Williams, Jeremy N. Thomas & Emily E. Prior<br /><blockquote class="tr_bq">
Despite an extensive research literature on sexual offending, much of current sexual offender policy within the United States runs counter to such literature, and instead, is based on common, pervasive myths about sexual offenders. Not surprisingly, recent studies on sex offender policy effectiveness suggest that current approaches are both costly and largely ineffective. In this paper, we suggest that a longstanding socio-cultural climate of sex-negativity fuels common fears and misconceptions about sexual offending and about policy related to treatment and supervision. We present a positive sexuality model and consider how the effectiveness of dealing with sexual offending issues could be improved through using a positive sexuality approach to guide policy.</blockquote>
<br /><div>
<span style="color: #0000ee;"><u>Defining Post-release ‘Success’: Using Assemblage and Phenomenography to Reveal Difference and Complexity in Post-prison Conceptions</u></span></div>
<div>
Diana F. Johns</div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
The complexity of men’s experience of prison release is frequently reduced to singular narratives about reoffending risks or reintegration challenges. This paper seeks to enlarge this conventional view by highlighting the heterogeneous ways in which prison release may be experienced and understood. Analysis of men’s experience of release from prison in Victoria, Australia, shows how the concept of assemblage and a phenomenographic methodology can work together to capture and convey this heterogeneity. By assembling the ways ex-prisoners understand and experience release together with the conceptions of post-release support workers this approach highlights conflict and convergence between different ways of experiencing the post-release terrain, specifically around conflicting notions of post-release ‘success’. The innovative combination of assemblage and phenomenography thus contributes a deeper, more nuanced understanding of the challenges of release from prison and of supporting ex-prisoners’ so-called ‘reintegration’.</blockquote>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<u style="color: #0000ee;">Asbestos: Not Just an Exhibit at the Smithsonian</u></div>
Patrick M. Gerkin & Jacquelynn Doyon-Martin</div>
<div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
The Smithsonian Institution operates the largest museum and research complex in the world. In the past 25 years, the Smithsonian Institution has both acted and failed to act in a way that demonstrates a disregard for worker safety in their many facilities. This research examines actions and inactions of the Smithsonian Institution regarding workplace exposure to asbestos. Through a secondary analysis of congressional testimony, citations issued by the Occupational Health and Safety Administration, private reports, and various media accounts of the events, this research seeks to examine the perpetrators’ actions as a crime of omission and offer a theoretical explanation. The explanation attempts to situate the individuals within the micro-, meso-, and macro-level forces that shape motivations and create opportunities for individuals to disregard worker safety and jeopardize human life.</blockquote>
<div>
<span style="color: #0000ee;"><u><br /></u></span></div>
<div>
<span style="color: #0000ee;"><u>Criminalizing the Political in a Digital Age</u></span><br />Judith Bessant<br /><blockquote class="tr_bq">
There is an emergent interest by criminologists in theorising problems that arise when states breach conventional legal norms. This article considers the criminalisation of ‘whistleblowing’ by Manning, Assange and Snowden that revealed illegal actions by the state and major breaches of US and western security intelligence operations. The article asks what such developments mean for the conceptual and normative status of politics and crime constituted in the western liberal frame? It is about criminologists who rely on that paradigm and the need to counter neo-conservative agendas. The article analyzes liberal constitutional democracies with an emphasis on the US. It draws on the work of German theorists Schmitt and Benjamin who stand outside the liberal tradition to highlight how modern states frequently suspends the rule of law and relies on their own sovereign power to declare ‘states of emergency’ to render their own criminal conduct lawful.</blockquote>
<br /><span style="color: #0000ee;"><u>Evaluating U.S. Counterterrorism Policy: Failure, Fraud, or Fruitful Spectacle?</u></span><div>
Willem de Lint & Wondwossen Kassa</div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
Counterterrorism plays a pivotal role in the projection of U.S. government interests and objectives nationally and globally. A large segment of the strategies, programs and operations of U.S. government agencies and their authorized private counterparts under the auspices of the Department of Homeland Security form a counterterrorism policy (CTP) that may be evaluated as more or less meeting those interests and objectives. Building on the work of Mueller and Stewart, Van Dongen, and McConnell, we evaluate U.S. CTP against both an objective and explicit deterrence agenda (reducing terrorism) and a constructivist and implicit objective (consolidating support for governments and their unifying ideologies). The paper supports the conclusion that CTP is a failure if the criterion is restricted to an evaluation of its efficiency in reducing terrorist events. However, CTP is also evaluated against its utility in pushing forward harmonized “ordering” across national and international boundaries and its ability to garner widespread public support of governments in security policy, and here it may be viewed as a success. Against deterrence measures, such success may be a kind of fraud. Against the political imperative, it is a fruitful spectacle. The paper argues that the blurring or blending of these two sets of criteria may not be a deliberate fraud, but enables the maintenance and growth of CTP and the national security infrastructure.</blockquote>
</div>
</div>
</div>
Matthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10009344656541521703noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6847497373404473130.post-52893765947865954932015-08-09T21:00:00.000-04:002015-08-09T21:00:00.070-04:00British Journal of Criminology 55(5)<a href="http://bjc.oxfordjournals.org/content/55/5?etoc"><i>British Journal of Criminology</i>, September 2015: Volume 55, Issue 5</a><div>
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<div>
<a href="http://bjc.oxfordjournals.org/content/55/5/845.abstract?etoc">Featured: Greening Justice: Examining the Interfaces of Criminal, Social and Ecological Justice</a><div>
Rob White and Hannah Graham<br /><blockquote class="tr_bq">
This article examines the growth of ecological awareness, alongside the emergence of environmental sustainability initiatives, within criminal justice institutions around the world. To date, such developments have received little empirical analysis from criminology scholars. Internationally, this article is among the first to critically analyse the ‘greening’ of policing, courts, prisons, offender supervision and community reintegration. Available literature and examples are reviewed, alongside original research findings. The motivations and ideologies underpinning this nascent green evolution raise deeper questions of ‘why?’ and ‘for whom?’ Innovative examples of sustainable justice architecture and catalysts for penal reform are differentiated from those which claim humanistic intentions and green credentials but, arguably, are based on instrumental fiscal motives that do little to challenge repressive carceral regimes.</blockquote>
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<a href="http://bjc.oxfordjournals.org/content/55/5/866.abstract?etoc">Urban Policy, City Control and Social Catharsis: The Attack on Social Frailty as Therapy</a><br />Rowland Atkinson<br /><blockquote class="tr_bq">
Urban policies have increasingly been ‘criminalised’ as regeneration, public housing management and homelessness programmes have been aligned with the aims of criminal justice and anti-social behaviour measures. In this article, policies that tackle problem places, people and behaviours are interpreted as expressions of social anger and fear that are made tangible via periodic attacks on social marginality. Case examples are offered in which urban policies appear as a kind of social catharsis or exorcizing of fear/anxiety. Such urban policies appear to construct social vulnerability as a threat that thereby helps to trigger interventions that might help realize goals of urban renewal and release from worries about criminality and urban social decline. This model of control and policymaking is developed by drawing on the emotional energies at the heart of cultural criminology and critical perspectives taken from contemporary urban studies.</blockquote>
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<a href="http://bjc.oxfordjournals.org/content/55/5/883.abstract?etoc">Why Restorative Justice Will Not Reduce Incarceration</a></div>
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William R. Wood<br /><blockquote class="tr_bq">
Restorative justice goals are frequently articulated on micro, meso and macro levels. One macro-level goal frequently made by advocates is that restorative justice may serve as a viable means of reducing incarceration. Focusing on Australia, New Zealand, the United Kingdom and the United States, this article argues that while these countries have seen some of the largest increases in incarceration within western industrialized countries, as well as the most widespread use of restorative justice, there is little evidence that restorative justice has reduced prison populations. It also argues that as currently practiced there is little reason to assume that restorative justice will have a significant impact on incarceration in the near future. Attention is given to the problem of the ‘transformation assumption’ inherent in restorative justice that micro-level changes in offender behaviours or restorative outcomes can significantly affect the larger social structures of punishment and incarceration.</blockquote>
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<a href="http://bjc.oxfordjournals.org/content/55/5/901.abstract?etoc">A Case Study Approach to Procedural Justice: Parents’ Views in Two Juvenile Delinquency Courts in the United States</a><br />Liana Pennington<br /><blockquote class="tr_bq">
The juvenile delinquency court aims to modify children’s behaviour, but little is known about how parents’ experiences in juvenile delinquency courts may be affecting the court’s efforts. Whether parents believe the court system is fair and effective could have important implications for the juvenile justice system. This research uses two case studies of parents in two different courts in the Northeast United States to examine how parents’ views are created and reinforced through experiences in the juvenile court process. Integrating concepts from the sociolegal framework of legal consciousness, this research challenges some of the core concepts of procedural justice and brings to the surface new ideas about negative views of the law and disengagement from the justice system.</blockquote>
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<span style="color: #0000ee;"><u>Street Codes, Routine Activities, Neighbourhood Context and Victimization</u></span></div>
Susan McNeeley and Pamela Wilcox</div>
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This study seeks to address the inconsistency in the literature regarding the relationship between the code of the street and victimization by drawing upon overlooked ideas embedded in Anderson’s work that are consistent with lifestyle-routine activities theory. Using Poisson-based multilevel regression models, we found that the effect of the street code on victimization was moderated by public activities: code-related values only contributed to greater risk of victimization for those with more public lifestyles. This interaction between the street code and routine activities was more influential in culturally disorganized neighbourhoods.</blockquote>
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<span style="color: #0000ee;"><u>The Risks and Rewards of Organized Crime Investments in Real Estate</u></span></div>
Marco Dugato, Serena Favarin, and Luca Giommoni<br /><blockquote class="tr_bq">
Despite growing interest in organized crime’s infiltration of the legal economy, research to date has paid little attention to the investments of criminal organizations in real estate. Using data on confiscated assets in 8,092 Italian municipalities between 2000 and 2012, this paper aims to remedy this lack of knowledge. Applying a risk–reward approach, based on the rational choice perspective, the analysis highlights what drives Italian mafia groups’ investments in the real estate sector. The results obtained support the validity of the rational choice perspective by showing how criminal organizations weigh risks and rewards in their decisions to invest in real estate.</blockquote>
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<a href="http://bjc.oxfordjournals.org/content/55/5/966.abstract?etoc">Taking the Conservative Protestant Thesis Across the Atlantic. A Comparative Analysis of the Relationships Between Violence, Religion and Stimulants Use in Rural Netherlands</a><br />Don Weenink<br /><blockquote class="tr_bq">
Building upon the Southern culture of violence research tradition, this article inquires the association between rural violence and Conservative Protestantism in the Dutch context. Based on data of 8,106 individuals, it was found that young rural Conservative Protestants living in villages were more likely to report that they had committed violence, as compared to their fellow believers living in urbanized areas. Furthermore, it turned out that the association between alcohol consumption and violence is stronger among this category of religious rural youth. Finally, this study demonstrates that, contrary to the prevailing notion of the idyllic rural, the violence rates between young Dutch rural dwellers and their peers living in the rest of the country are virtually similar.</blockquote>
<br /><span style="color: #0000ee;"><u>Shopping for Free? Looting, Consumerism and the 2011 Riots</u></span></div>
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Tim Newburn, Kerris Cooper, Rachel Deacon, and Rebekah Diski<br /><blockquote class="tr_bq">
A number of commentators have suggested that the riots in England in August 2011 were distinctive because of the character and extent of the looting that took place. In doing so, they have argued that the nature of modern consumer capitalism should be placed front and centre of any explanation of the disorder. While concurring with elements of such arguments, we depart from such analyses in three ways. First, we argue that it is important not to overstate the extent to which the 2011 riots were a departure from previous outbreaks of civil disorder—violent consumerism having a quite lengthy history. Second, using testimony from those involved, we argue that a focus on looting risks ignoring both the political character and the violence involved in the riots. Finally, and relatedly, we suggest that the focus on consumption potentially simplifies the nature of the looting itself by underestimating its political and expressive characteristics.</blockquote>
<br /><a href="http://bjc.oxfordjournals.org/content/55/5/1005.abstract?etoc">Collating Longitudinal Data on Crime, Victimization and Social Attitudes in England and Wales: A New Resource for Exploring Long-term Trends in Crime</a></div>
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Will Jennings, Emily Gray, Colin Hay, and Stephen Farrall</div>
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Exploring long-term trends in crime and criminal justice is a multifaceted exercise. This article introduces the construction and methodological benefits of a series of new data sets that amalgamate approximately 30 years of public data on crime, victimization, fear of crime, social and political attitudes with national socio-economic indicators in England and Wales. The data operate at both an aggregate and individual level and will be available for public use (and modification) from autumn 2015. Here, we outline the contours and contents of the data set and highlight the importance of using longitudinal data in exploring theoretical and empirical questions about crime, victimization and social attitudes.</blockquote>
Matthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10009344656541521703noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6847497373404473130.post-64375092714776948402015-08-02T21:00:00.002-04:002015-08-02T21:04:18.492-04:00Journal of Criminal Justice 43(4)<a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/00472352/43/4">Journal of Criminal Justice, July 2015: Volume 43, Issue 4</a><br /><br /><a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=GatewayURL&_method=citationSearch&_urlVersion=4&_origin=SDVIALERTHTML&_version=1&_piikey=S0047-2352%2815%2900038-0&md5=3d22d86cedc629dc724e52e7fc42d012">Can the causal mechanisms underlying chronic, serious, and violent offending trajectories be elucidated using the psychopathy construct?</a><br />Raymond R. Corrado, Matt DeLisi, Stephen D. Hart, Evan C. McCuish <br /><div>
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<a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=GatewayURL&_method=citationSearch&_urlVersion=4&_origin=SDVIALERTHTML&_version=1&_piikey=S0047-2352%2815%2900036-7&md5=53ab67b894760ba556e4f70e11a30b7e">Capturing clinical complexity: Towards a personality-oriented measure of psychopathy</a><br />David J. Cooke, Caroline Logan <br /><div>
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<a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=GatewayURL&_method=citationSearch&_urlVersion=4&_origin=SDVIALERTHTML&_version=1&_piikey=S0047-2352%2815%2900063-X&md5=d50d2fecffc81edddee582b2449e6e10">Bringing psychopathy into developmental and life-course criminology theories and research</a><br />Bryanna H. Fox, Wesley G. Jennings, David P. Farrington <br /><div>
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<a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=GatewayURL&_method=citationSearch&_urlVersion=4&_origin=SDVIALERTHTML&_version=1&_piikey=S0047-2352%2815%2900057-4&md5=9cc6294cc4a6cf8493932af703f43218">Ingredients for Criminality Require Genes, Temperament, and Psychopathic Personality</a><br />Matt DeLisi, Michael G. Vaughn <br /><div>
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<a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=GatewayURL&_method=citationSearch&_urlVersion=4&_origin=SDVIALERTHTML&_version=1&_piikey=S0047-2352%2815%2900035-5&md5=1b9783ee2a8c879b5860b2bc952d4f75">Brain imaging research on psychopathy: Implications for punishment, prediction, and treatment in youth and adults</a><br />Rebecca Umbach, Colleen M. Berryessa, Adrian Raine <br /><div>
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<a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=GatewayURL&_method=citationSearch&_urlVersion=4&_origin=SDVIALERTHTML&_version=1&_piikey=S0047-2352%2815%2900060-4&md5=fc33d8ea03c112e4be14d5eecbb944ab">Childhood and Adolescent Characteristics of Women with High versus Low Psychopathy Scores: Examining Developmental Precursors to the Malignant Personality Disorder</a><br />Elham Forouzan, Tonia L. Nicholls <br /><div>
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<a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=GatewayURL&_method=citationSearch&_urlVersion=4&_origin=SDVIALERTHTML&_version=1&_piikey=S0047-2352%2815%2900061-6&md5=fc9fa906f0300f4712653bf1d949a26d">Psychopathy and violent misconduct in a sample of violent young offenders</a><br />Catherine Shaffer, Evan McCuish, Raymond R. Corrado, Monic P. Behnken, Matt DeLisi <br /><div>
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<a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=GatewayURL&_method=citationSearch&_urlVersion=4&_origin=SDVIALERTHTML&_version=1&_piikey=S0047-2352%2815%2900034-3&md5=55cba83c5cda25b8ea6e1ac47cec0798">A multi-wave cross-lagged regression analysis of the Youth Psychopathic Traits Inventory and Self-Reported Offending</a><br />Glenn D. Walters <br /><div>
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<a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=GatewayURL&_method=citationSearch&_urlVersion=4&_origin=SDVIALERTHTML&_version=1&_piikey=S0047-2352%2815%2900037-9&md5=82c4f48ee85aad47d44dc2016c617894">The prevalence of psychopathic personality disturbances among incarcerated youth: Comparing serious, chronic, violent and sex offenders</a><br />Jesse Cale, Patrick Lussier, Evan McCuish, Ray Corrado <br /><br /><div>
<a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=GatewayURL&_method=citationSearch&_urlVersion=4&_origin=SDVIALERTHTML&_version=1&_piikey=S0047-2352%2815%2900040-9&md5=c45166a1809fde71b463059d517e1bea">The role of symptoms of psychopathy in persistent violence over the criminal career into full adulthood</a> </div>
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Evan C. McCuish, Raymond R. Corrado, Stephen D. Hart, Matt DeLisi <br /><div>
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<a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=GatewayURL&_method=citationSearch&_urlVersion=4&_origin=SDVIALERTHTML&_version=1&_piikey=S0047-2352%2815%2900039-2&md5=2a55400d2bf3231e44a9c04c557ece55">The role of psychopathic traits and developmental risk factors on offending trajectories from early adolescence to adulthood: A prospective study of incarcerated youth</a><br />Raymond R. Corrado, Evan C. McCuish, Stephen D. Hart, Matt DeLisi <table bgcolor="#FFFFFF" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8px; width: 100%px;"><tbody>
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Matthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10009344656541521703noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6847497373404473130.post-88409609077216060762015-08-02T21:00:00.001-04:002015-08-02T21:00:43.636-04:00American Sociological Review 80(4)<a href="http://asr.sagepub.com/content/80/4?etoc">American Sociological Review, August 2015; Vol. 80, No. 4</a><br /><br /><a href="http://asr.sagepub.com/content/80/4/680?etoc">The (Re)genesis of Values: Examining the Importance of Values for Action</a><br />Andrew Miles<br /><blockquote class="tr_bq">
Dual-process models of culture and action posit that fast, automatic cognitive processes largely drive human action, with conscious processes playing a much smaller role than was previously supposed. These models have done much to advance our understanding of behavior, but they focus on generic processes rather than specific cultural content. As useful as this has been, it tells us little about which forms of culture matter for action. Drawing on a cross-disciplinary set of theory and evidence, I argue that values are tied to many forms of behavior, across both contexts and cultures, and they operate in ways consistent with dual-process models. I illustrate the plausibility of these claims using data from the second wave of the European Social Survey, as well as real-time decision data from a large, online survey. I show that values predict self-reported behaviors in a variety of substantive domains and across 25 nations, and they operate using automatic cognitive processes. These findings suggest that values merit renewed theoretical and empirical attention.</blockquote>
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<a href="http://asr.sagepub.com/content/80/4/705?etoc">Lifetime Socioeconomic Status, Historical Context, and Genetic Inheritance in Shaping Body Mass in Middle and Late Adulthood</a><br />Hexuan Liu and Guang Guo<br /><blockquote class="tr_bq">
This study demonstrates that body mass in middle and late adulthood is a consequence of the complex interplay among individuals’ genes, lifetime socioeconomic experiences, and the historical context in which they live. Drawing on approximately 9,000 genetic samples from the Health and Retirement Study, we first investigate how socioeconomic status (SES) over the life course moderates the impact of 32 established obesity-related genetic variants on body mass index (BMI) in middle and late adulthood. We then consider differences across birth cohorts in the genetic influence on BMI, and cohort variations in the moderating effects of life-course SES on the genetic influence. Our analyses suggest that persistently low SES over the life course or downward mobility (e.g., high SES in childhood but low SES in adulthood) amplify the genetic influence on BMI, and persistently high SES or upward mobility (e.g., low SES in childhood but high SES in adulthood) compensate for such influence. For more recent birth cohorts, the genetic influence on BMI becomes stronger, but the moderating effects of lifetime SES on the genetic influence are weaker compared to earlier cohorts. We discuss these findings in light of social changes during the obesity epidemic in the United States.</blockquote>
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<a href="http://asr.sagepub.com/content/80/4/738?etoc">Family Structure Transitions and Child Development: Instability, Selection, and Population Heterogeneity</a><br />Dohoon Lee and Sara McLanahan<br /><blockquote class="tr_bq">
A growing literature documents the importance of family instability for child wellbeing. In this article, we use longitudinal data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study to examine the impacts of family instability on children’s cognitive and socioemotional development in early and middle childhood. We extend existing research in several ways: (1) by distinguishing between the number and types of family structure changes; (2) by accounting for time-varying as well as time-constant confounding; and (3) by assessing racial/ethnic and gender differences in family instability effects. Our results indicate that family instability has a causal effect on children’s development, but the effect depends on the type of change, the outcome assessed, and the population examined. Generally speaking, transitions out of a two-parent family are more negative for children’s development than transitions into a two-parent family. The effect of family instability is more pronounced for children’s socioemotional development than for their cognitive achievement. For socioemotional development, transitions out of a two-parent family are more negative for white children, whereas transitions into a two-parent family are more negative for Hispanic children. These findings suggest that future research should pay more attention to the type of family structure transition and to population heterogeneity.</blockquote>
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<a href="http://asr.sagepub.com/content/80/4/764?etoc">Positioning Multiraciality in Cyberspace: Treatment of Multiracial Daters in an Online Dating Website</a><br />Celeste Vaughan Curington, Ken-Hou Lin, and Jennifer Hickes Lundquist<br /><blockquote class="tr_bq">
The U.S. multiracial population has grown substantially in the past decades, yet little is known about how these individuals are positioned in the racial hierarchies of the dating market. Using data from one of the largest dating websites in the United States, we examine how monoracial daters respond to initial messages sent by multiracial daters with various White/non-White racial and ethnic makeups. We test four different theories: hypodescent, multiracial in-betweenness, White equivalence, and what we call a multiracial dividend effect. We find no evidence for the operation of hypodescent. Asian-White daters, in particular, are afforded a heightened status, and Black-White multiracials are treated as an in-between group. For a few specific multiracial gender groups, we find evidence for a dividend effect, where multiracial men and women are preferred above all other groups, including Whites.</blockquote>
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<a href="http://asr.sagepub.com/content/80/4/789?etoc">Us and Them: Black-White Relations in the Wake of Hispanic Population Growth</a><br />Maria Abascal<br /><blockquote class="tr_bq">
How will Hispanic population growth affect black-white relations in the United States? Research on intergroup relations operates within a two-group paradigm, furnishing few insights into multi-group contexts. This study is based on an original experiment that combines behavioral game and survey methods to evaluate the impact of perceived Hispanic growth on attitudes and behavior. Results reveal opposite reactions among blacks and whites. Whites in the baseline condition contribute comparable amounts to black and white recipients in a dictator game, whereas whites who first read about Hispanic growth contribute more to white recipients than to black ones. By contrast, blacks in the baseline condition contribute more to black recipients than to white ones, whereas blacks who first read about Hispanic growth contribute comparable amounts to black and white recipients. Patterns of identification mirror patterns of contributions: whites exposed to Hispanic growth identify relatively more strongly with their racial group than with their national group, whereas blacks exposed to Hispanic growth identify relatively more strongly with their national group than with their racial group. Together, these results suggest that people respond to the growth of a third group by prioritizing the most privileged identity to which they can plausibly lay claim and which also excludes the growing group.</blockquote>
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<a href="http://asr.sagepub.com/content/80/4/814?etoc">The Historical Demography of Racial Segregation</a><br />Angelina Grigoryeva and Martin Ruef<br /><blockquote class="tr_bq">
Standard measures of residential segregation tend to equate spatial with social proximity. This assumption has been increasingly subject to critique among demographers and ethnographers and becomes especially problematic in historical settings. In the late nineteenth-century United States, standard measures suggest a counterintuitive pattern: southern cities, with their long history of racial inequality, had less residential segregation than urban areas considered to be more racially tolerant. By using census enumeration procedures, we develop a sequence measure that captures a more subtle “backyard” pattern of segregation, where white families dominated front streets and blacks were relegated to alleys. Our analysis of complete household data from the 1880 Census documents how segregation took various forms across the postbellum United States. Whereas northern cities developed segregation via racialized neighborhoods, substituting residential inequality for the status inequality of slavery, southern cities embraced street-front segregation that reproduced the racial inequality that existed under slavery.</blockquote>
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<a href="http://asr.sagepub.com/content/80/4/843?etoc">Toward a New Macro-Segregation? Decomposing Segregation within and between Metropolitan Cities and Suburbs</a><br />Daniel T. Lichter, Domenico Parisi, and Michael C. Taquino</div>
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This article documents a new macro-segregation, where the locus of racial differentiation resides increasingly in socio-spatial processes at the community or place level. The goal is to broaden the spatial lens for studying segregation, using decennial Census data on 222 metropolitan areas. Unlike previous neighborhood studies of racial change, we decompose metropolitan segregation into its within- and between-place components from 1990 to 2010. This is accomplished with the Theil index (H). Our decomposition of H reveals large post-1990 declines in metropolitan segregation. But, significantly, macro-segregation—the between-place component—has increased since 1990, offsetting declines in the within-place component. The macro component of segregation is also most pronounced and increasing most rapidly among blacks, accounting for roughly one-half of all metro segregation in the most segregated metropolitan areas of the United States. Macro-segregation is least evident among Asians, which suggests other members of these communities (i.e., middle-class or affluent ethnoburbs) have less resistance to Asians relocating there. These results on emerging patterns of macro-segregation are confirmed in fixed-effects models that control for unobserved heterogeneity across metropolitan areas. Unlike most previous studies focused on the uneven distribution of racial and ethnic groups across metropolitan neighborhoods, we show that racial residential segregation is increasingly shaped by the cities and suburban communities in which neighborhoods are embedded.</blockquote>
Matthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10009344656541521703noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6847497373404473130.post-44211812275104459492015-08-02T21:00:00.000-04:002015-08-02T21:00:02.748-04:00Law & Society Review 49(3)<a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/lasr.2015.49.issue-3/issuetoc?campaign=woletoc">Law & Society Review, September 2015: Volume 49, Issue 3</a><br /><div>
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<a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/lasr.12153/abstract?campaign=woletoc">Contesting Legality in Authoritarian Contexts: Food Safety, Rule of Law and China's Networked Public Sphere</a><br />Ya-Wen Lei and Daniel Xiaodan Zhou<br /><blockquote class="tr_bq">
Since the introduction of the Internet, China's networked public sphere has become a critical site in which various actors compete to shape public opinion and promote or forestall legal and political change. This paper examines how members of an online public, the Tianya Forum, conceptualized and discussed law in relation to a specific event, the 2008 Sanlu milk scandal. Whereas previous studies suggest the Chinese state effectively controls citizens' legal consciousness via propaganda, this analysis shows that the construction of legality by the Tianya public was not a top-down process, but a complex negotiation involving multiple parties. The Chinese state had to compete with lawyers and outspoken media to frame and interpret the scandal for the Tianya public and it was not always successful in doing so. Data show further how the online public framed the food safety incident as indicative of fundamental problems rooted in China's political regime and critiqued the state's instrumental use of law.</blockquote>
<br /> <a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/lasr.12149/abstract?campaign=woletoc">State Transformation and the Role of Lawyers: The WTO, India, and Transnational Legal Ordering</a><br />Gregory Shaffer, James Nedumpara and Aseema Sinha<br /><blockquote class="tr_bq">
This article explains the impact of India's engagement with the law of the World Trade Organization (WTO) on both the Indian state and on the WTO itself. In each case, it explains the role of Indian lawyers within the larger transnational context. In engaging with globalization and the WTO, India has transformed itself. The Indian state has moved toward a new developmental state model involving a stronger emphasis on trade, greater government transparency, and the development of public-private coordination mechanisms in which the government plays a steering role. The analysis shows that it has done so not as an autonomous policy choice, but rather in light of the global context in which the WTO and WTO law form an integral part. Reciprocally, the article displays the ways that India has built legal capacity to attempt to shape the construction, interpretation, and practice of the trade legal order. Indian private lawyers play increasing roles, although they remain on tap, not on top.</blockquote>
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<a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/lasr.12152/abstract?campaign=woletoc">The Effects of Civil Hate Speech Laws: Lessons from Australia</a><br />Katharine Gelber and Luke McNamara<br /><blockquote class="tr_bq">
This article examines the effects of hate speech laws in Australia. Triangulating data from primary and secondary sources, we examine five hypothesized effects: whether the laws provide a remedy to targets of hate speech, encourage more respectful speech, have an educative or symbolic effect, have a chilling effect, or create “martyrs.” We find the laws provide a limited remedy in the complaints mechanisms, provide a framework for direct community advocacy, and that knowledge of the laws exists in public discourse. However, the complaints mechanism imposes a significant enforcement burden on targeted communities, who still regularly experience hate speech. We find a reduction in the expression of prejudice in mediated outlets, but not on the street. We find no evidence of a chilling effect and we find the risk of free speech martyrs to be marginal. We draw out the implications of these findings for other countries.</blockquote>
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<a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/lasr.12150/abstract?campaign=woletoc">Trailblazers and Those That Followed: Personal Experiences, Gender, and Judicial Empathy</a><br />Laura P. Moyer and Susan B. Haire<br /><blockquote class="tr_bq">
This article investigates one causal mechanism that may explain why female judges on the federal appellate courts are more likely than men to side with plaintiffs in sex discrimination cases. To test whether personal experiences with inequality are related to empathetic responses to the claims of female plaintiffs, we focus on the first wave of female judges, who attended law school during a time of severe gender inequality. We find that female judges are more likely than their male colleagues to support plaintiffs in sex discrimination cases, but that this difference is seen only in judges who graduated law school between 1954 and 1975 and disappears when more recent law school cohorts of men and women judges are compared. These results suggest that the effect of gender as a trait is tied to the role of formative experiences with discrimination.</blockquote>
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<a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/lasr.12155/abstract?campaign=woletoc">Making Rights Work: Legal Mobilization at the Agency Level</a><br />Jennifer Woodward<br /><blockquote class="tr_bq">
This article discusses how McCann's theory on legal mobilization and social change is generalizable to the legal decisions of agencies. I demonstrate how the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) routinely delayed and denied Title VII employment rights on the basis of sex and how this resulted in the formation of the National Organization for Women (NOW) to ensure that the sex provision of Title VII was enforced. The article also discusses the influence of NOW in shaping the first years of Title VII law and the organization's role in reversing EEOC decisions denying rights under the sex provision of the law.</blockquote>
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<a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/lasr.12151/abstract?campaign=woletoc">The Electronic Pillory: Social Time and Hostility Toward Capital Murderers</a><br />Scott Phillips and Mark Cooney<br /><blockquote class="tr_bq">
In early modern Europe, popular hostility toward criminals could be expressed through the use of the pillory (a device in which offenders were restrained and publicly displayed). Modern electronic communications have facilitated the emergence of contemporary versions of the pillory. One such example is prodeathpenalty.com, a Web site created by supporters of capital punishment that permits members to post comments about particular executions. Most such comments are markedly hostile toward the convicted offender. But is the hostility random or patterned? A new theory by Donald Black predicts that hostility will increase with changes in social space, or the movement of social time. Testing Black's theory, we find that the number of online comments hostile to the killer and supportive of the execution increases with the degree to which the murder was a movement of relational, vertical, and cultural time. Moving beyond the electronic pillory, we argue that Black's theory has much to offer to law and society scholars.</blockquote>
<br /> <a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/lasr.12154/abstract?campaign=woletoc">Lawyers' Perceptions of the U.S. Supreme Court: Is the Court a “Political” Institution?</a><br />Brandon L. Bartels, Christopher D. Johnston and Alyx Mark<br /><blockquote class="tr_bq">
Do legal elites—lawyers admitted to federal appellate bars—perceive the Supreme Court as a “political” institution? Legal elites differentiate themselves from the mass public in the amount and sources of information about the Court. They also hold near-universal perceptions of Court legitimacy, a result we use to derive competing theoretical expectations regarding the impact of ideological disagreement on various Court perceptions. Survey data show that many legal elites perceive the Court as political in its decision making, while a minority perceive the Court as activist and influenced by external political forces. Ideological disagreement with the Court's outputs significantly elevates political perceptions of decision making, while it exhibits a null and moderate impact on perceptions of activism and external political influence, respectively. To justify negative affect derived from ideological disagreement, elites highlight the political aspects of the Court's decision making rather than engage in “global delegitimization” of the institution itself.</blockquote>
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Matthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10009344656541521703noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6847497373404473130.post-41098946002384127522015-07-26T21:00:00.000-04:002015-07-26T21:00:00.286-04:00Theoretical Criminology 19(3)<a href="http://tcr.sagepub.com/content/19/3?etoc">Theoretical Criminology, August 2015: Volume 19, Issue 3</a><div>
<br /><b>Debating Theoretical Criminology</b><br /><br /><a href="http://tcr.sagepub.com/content/19/3/299?etoc">The slow violence of state organized race crime</a><br />Geoff Ward<br /><blockquote class="tr_bq">
The politicization of crime challenges theoretical and empirical criminology, while drawing the discipline into politics of criminal social control. This complication and complicity is considered in the case of state organized race crime, and especially its “slow violence”, where victimization is attritional, dispersed, and hidden. Criminology is not merely compromised here—or limited in theoretical and empirical reach—but complicit, contributing to under-regulated racial violence rationalized in large part by the criminalization of race. The discipline might contribute to increased understanding of state organized race crime, and lessen its role therein, with greater commitments to critical race research and teaching.</blockquote>
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<b>Articles</b><br /><br /><a href="http://tcr.sagepub.com/content/19/3/315?etoc">The long struggle: An agonistic perspective on penal development</a><br />Philip Goodman, Joshua Page, and Michelle Phelps<br /><blockquote class="tr_bq">
Bringing together insights from macro-level theory about “mass imprisonment” and micro-level case studies of contemporary punishment, this article presents a mid-level agonistic perspective on penal change in the USA. Using the case of the “rise and fall” of the rehabilitative ideal in California, we spotlight struggle as a central mechanism that intensifies the variegated (and sometimes contradictory) nature of punishment and drives penal development. The agonistic perspective posits that penal development is fueled by ongoing, low-level struggle among actors with varying amounts and types of resources. Like plate tectonics, friction among those with a stake in punishment periodically escalates to seismic events and long-term shifts in penal orientations, pushing one perspective or another to the fore over time. These conflicts do not occur in a vacuum; rather, large-scale trends in the economy, politics, social sentiments, inter-group relations, demographics, and crime affect—but do not fully determine—struggles over punishment and penal outcomes.</blockquote>
<br /><a href="http://tcr.sagepub.com/content/19/3/336?etoc">Bad jobs and good workers: The hiring of ex-prisoners in a segmented economy</a><br />Kristin Bumiller<br /><blockquote class="tr_bq">
Scholarship focusing on barriers to the employment of ex-prisoners has paid little attention to the linkages between mass incarceration and the structural conditions of low wage labor. In contrast, this article considers how decisions to hire ex-prisoners occur in the context of a highly segregated labor market. The research is based upon interviews with employers who are willing to hire persons exiting prisons. These employers were queried about their motivations for hiring, perceptions of their employees with criminal records, and their beliefs about fairness and justice. The interviews show that a strong motivating factor for hiring was finding a “good worker to do a bad job”, but also that decisions were influenced by employers’ common sense norms derived from surviving at the bottom of the economy. Despite the willingness of employers to offer “second chances” and make small allowances, these factors were insufficient to counteract the obstacles to sustainable employment.</blockquote>
<br /><a href="http://tcr.sagepub.com/content/19/3/355?etoc">Between vigilantism and bureaucracy: Improving our understanding of police work in Nigeria and South Africa</a><br />Sarah Jane Cooper-Knock and Olly Owen<br /><blockquote class="tr_bq">
To date, much of the analytical scholarship on policing in Africa has centred on non-state actors. In doing so, it risks neglecting state actors and statehood, which must be understood on their own terms as well as through the eyes of the people they supposedly serve. This article seeks to develop our theoretical and empirical understanding in this respect by exploring the contexts in which citizens seek to engage state police in Nigeria and South Africa. In doing so it highlights three particularly important uses that police contact may serve, that are currently being overlooked. State police can permit, authorize or limit crime control performed by others through informal regulatory intervention. They can exercise a unique bureaucratic power by opening a case which is valued as a record of right and wrongs to be used in the negotiation of everyday life, not simply as a means to legal prosecution. And finally, taking action ‘off the books’, the police can exercise a coercive power that can be termed ‘police vigilantism’, which citizens may try to harness for their own ends. We therefore argue that we should recognize the continued high public demand for the services of state police forces even in contexts where they fall short of expectations, and more closely analyse the ways in which people utilize and help to reproduce the police forces they condemn.</blockquote>
<br /><a href="http://tcr.sagepub.com/content/19/3/376?etoc">“Obviously, we’re all oil industry”: The criminogenic structure of the offshore oil industry</a><br />Elizabeth A Bradshaw<br /><blockquote class="tr_bq">
The 2010 BP Gulf of Mexico oil spill was one of the worst environmental disasters in the United States. The deviant actions of state and corporate actors involved in the Gulf of Mexico spill are not unique, but instead are symptomatic of a problem rooted much deeper in the US oil and gas industry. Building on Michalowski and Kramer’s Integrated Theoretical Model of State–Corporate Crime, this article explores the industry as a level of analysis. Early studies of white-collar crime that examined criminality within industries tended to approach the problem from the individual level and failed to consider the role of government in shaping the structural conditions of an industry. This article introduces the concept of “criminogenic industry structures” and examines the historical role of the federal government in shaping the criminogenic conditions of the offshore oil drilling industry that resulted in the 2010 Gulf of Mexico oil spill.</blockquote>
<br /><a href="http://tcr.sagepub.com/content/19/3/396?etoc">Ontology, epistemology, and irony: Richard Rorty and re-imagining pragmatic criminology</a><br />Johannes Wheeldon<br /><blockquote class="tr_bq">
In this article I apply Richard Rorty’s view of pragmatism to contemporary criminology through the lens of ontology and criminological theory, epistemology and methodological decision making, and irony in the neo-liberal academy. Although pragmatism in criminology is often used to refer to practical criminal justice suggestions drawn from conservative theories of criminology, in this article I argue that this singular use is an affront to pragmatism’s philosophical pedigree. Consonant with pragmatism, this article includes practical suggestions about how Rorty’s approach can be adapted to teach criminological theory, advance mixed methods research, and acknowledge the dangers inherent in careerist criminology.</blockquote>
<br /><a href="http://tcr.sagepub.com/content/19/3/416?etoc">Towards a Bourdieusian frame of moral panic analysis: The history of a moral panic inside the field of humanitarian aid</a><br />Arnaud Dandoy</div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
For the concept of moral panic to avoid approaching its expiration date, it is essential to include novel approaches and perspectives. This article aims to augment the under-developed theoretical grounding of the sociology of moral panic by expanding on Pierre Bourdieu’s social theory. It begins by offering a critical appraisal of recent developments in moral panic studies and explains how Bourdieu’s concepts of field, habitus and hysteresis might help overcome the inherent weaknesses of moral panic research. This novel approach is put into empirical work to exploring the rise of a moral panic about the dangers humanitarian aid workers face in the post-Cold War era. It shows that, while today’s threats do not radically differ from those of the past, the widespread sense of concern and anxiety about humanitarian insecurity is a response to effects of hysteresis inside the field of humanitarian aid.</blockquote>
Matthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10009344656541521703noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6847497373404473130.post-44050855475771141882015-07-19T21:00:00.005-04:002015-07-19T21:00:03.216-04:00Crime & Delinquency 61(6)<a href="http://cad.sagepub.com/content/61/6?etoc">Crime & Delinquency, August 2015: Volume 61, Issue 6</a><br /><br /><a href="http://cad.sagepub.com/content/61/6/771?etoc">Race, Gender, Crime Severity, and Decision Making in the Juvenile Justice System</a><br />Michael J. Leiber and Jennifer H. Peck<br /><blockquote class="tr_bq">
Based on interpretations of an integrated focal concerns and loosely coupling framework, individual and joint relationships involving race and gender with case outcomes were examined as well as possible tempering effects by crime severity and the stage in the proceedings. The results from multiple logistic regression indicate mixed support for the theoretical framework in terms of the ability to determine at what stages race and gender effects would be most evident. Crime severity was predictive of decision making and in some cases had a conditioning effect on the discovered race/gender relationships with case outcomes. The implications of the findings and directions for future research are discussed.</blockquote>
<br /><a href="http://cad.sagepub.com/content/61/6/798?etoc">Measuring the Reading Complexity and Oral Comprehension of Canadian Youth Waiver Forms</a><br />Joseph Eastwood, Brent Snook, and Kirk Luther<br /><blockquote class="tr_bq">
The reading complexity of a sample of Canadian police youth waiver forms was assessed, and the oral comprehension of a waiver form was examined. In Study 1, the complexity of 31 unique waiver forms was assessed using five readability measures (i.e., waiver length, Flesch–Kincaid grade level, Grammatik sentence complexity, word difficulty, and word frequency). Results showed that the waivers are lengthy, are written at a relatively high grade level, contain complex sentences, and contain difficult and infrequent words. In Study 2, high school students (N = 32) were presented orally with one youth waiver form and asked to explain its meaning. Results showed that participants understood approximately 40% of the information contained in the waiver form. The likelihood of the rights of Canadian youths being protected and the need to create a standardized and comprehensible waiver form are discussed.</blockquote>
<br /><a href="http://cad.sagepub.com/content/61/6/829?etoc">Lifetime Benefits and Costs of Diverting Substance-Abusing Offenders From State Prison</a><br />Gary A. Zarkin, Alexander J. Cowell, Katherine A. Hicks, Michael J. Mills, Steven Belenko, Laura J. Dunlap, and Vincent Keyes<br /><blockquote class="tr_bq">
Prisons hold a disproportionate number of society’s drug abusers. Approximately 50% of state prisoners meet the criteria for a diagnosis of drug abuse or dependence; however, only 10% of prisoners receive drug treatment. Diverting offenders to community-based treatment has been shown to generate positive net social benefits. We build on a lifetime simulation model of a nationally representative state prison cohort to examine diversion from reincarceration to community-based substance abuse treatment. We find that diversion provides positive net societal benefits to the United States and cost savings to the national criminal justice system. Our study demonstrates the societal gains from improving access to the community drug treatment system as an alternative to prison.</blockquote>
<br /><a href="http://cad.sagepub.com/content/61/6/851?etoc">Alcohol Outlets and Neighborhood Crime: A Longitudinal Analysis</a><br />Garland F. White, Randy R. Gainey, and Ruth A. Triplett<br /><blockquote class="tr_bq">
This article examines the relationship between the number of alcohol outlets in block groups and the number of incidents of street crimes in Norfolk, Virginia. Cross-sectional and longitudinal panel designs are used to explore the relationship. Results were corrected for spatial autocorrelation and controlled for variation in size of population, socioeconomic disadvantage, and a dummy variable for being the downtown area. The cross-sectional analysis revealed a strong relationship between the number of alcohol outlets and the number of street crimes for on-premises and off-premises outlets. A panel design was then used to examine the effects of newly established outlets on the change in the number of street crime events over three periods. All three panels showed significant relationships between the number of alcohol outlets and the number of street crime events controlling for prior levels of crime, socioeconomic disadvantage, population size, and a spatial lag.</blockquote>
<br /><a href="http://cad.sagepub.com/content/61/6/873?etoc">Assessing the Cost of Electronically Monitoring High-Risk Sex Offenders</a><br />Marisa K. Omori and Susan F. Turner<br /><blockquote class="tr_bq">
In addition to housing, employment, and registration restrictions, sex offenders have been subjected to electronic monitoring with the idea that they may be either surveilled or deterred from committing additional crime. This study evaluated the supervision costs of placing high-risk sex offender parolees on Global Positioning Satellite (GPS) monitoring as part of a pilot program by the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation. Using a quasiexperimental design, the study tracked parolees’ costs of supervision and their parole violations for 1 year. GPS was not cost-effective; the overall cost of parolees on GPS was greater than parolees not on the monitoring, the two groups committed similar parole violations, and parolees on GPS were retained on parole longer.</blockquote>
Matthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10009344656541521703noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6847497373404473130.post-34195487203141608722015-07-19T21:00:00.004-04:002015-07-19T21:00:00.335-04:00Social Science Research 53<a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/0049089X/53">Social Science Research, September 2015: Volume 53</a><br /><br /><a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=GatewayURL&_method=citationSearch&_urlVersion=4&_origin=SDVIALERTHTML&_version=1&_piikey=S0049-089X%2815%2900087-3&md5=1fac70ba0ac6f6c437970690963791a2">Immigrant use of public assistance and mode of entry: Demographics versus dependence</a><br />Chris Girard <br /><br /><a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=GatewayURL&_method=citationSearch&_urlVersion=4&_origin=SDVIALERTHTML&_version=1&_piikey=S0049-089X%2815%2900089-7&md5=e3fe0928f32ae91b53527568a7def2d1">Hurdles or walls? Nativity, citizenship, legal status and Latino homeownership in Los Angeles</a><div>
Eileen Díaz McConnell <br /><br /><a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=GatewayURL&_method=citationSearch&_urlVersion=4&_origin=SDVIALERTHTML&_version=1&_piikey=S0049-089X%2815%2900092-7&md5=09e23bcf8369c8feec4348c1a0c1b338">Behind the ethnic–civic distinction: Public attitudes towards immigrants’ political rights in the Netherlands</a> </div>
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Maykel Verkuyten, Borja Martinovic <br /><br /><a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=GatewayURL&_method=citationSearch&_urlVersion=4&_origin=SDVIALERTHTML&_version=1&_piikey=S0049-089X%2815%2900090-3&md5=e8ee0ad3a246f6242bc84ce6809b5563">Unequal on top: Gender profiling and the income gap among high earner male and female professionals</a> </div>
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Jennifer Merluzzi, Stanislav D. Dobrev <br /><br /><a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=GatewayURL&_method=citationSearch&_urlVersion=4&_origin=SDVIALERTHTML&_version=1&_piikey=S0049-089X%2815%2900091-5&md5=2252207864587abfaa85e02d053b9b91">Intimate partner violence in neighborhood context: The roles of structural disadvantage, subjective disorder, and emotional distress</a> </div>
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Jennifer E. Copp, Danielle C. Kuhl, Peggy C. Giordano, Monica A. Longmore, Wendy D. Manning <br /><br /><a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=GatewayURL&_method=citationSearch&_urlVersion=4&_origin=SDVIALERTHTML&_version=1&_piikey=S0049-089X%2815%2900095-2&md5=dfedbbd2dbe5d7e0c8bb83ad543927ec">Heritability, family, school and academic achievement in adolescence</a> </div>
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Artur Pokropek, Joanna Sikora <br /><br /><a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=GatewayURL&_method=citationSearch&_urlVersion=4&_origin=SDVIALERTHTML&_version=1&_piikey=S0049-089X%2815%2900081-2&md5=a62a1be318c8093da3c0231ede8562b4">Does Islam play a role in anti-immigrant sentiment? An experimental approach</a><br />Mathew J. Creighton, Amaney Jamal <br /><br /><a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=GatewayURL&_method=citationSearch&_urlVersion=4&_origin=SDVIALERTHTML&_version=1&_piikey=S0049-089X%2815%2900093-9&md5=c9573f424d2df6f75f0f4523edd4c8d5">Adolescent interpersonal relationships, social support and loneliness in high schools: Mediation effect and gender differences</a><br />Baoshan Zhang, Qianyun Gao, Marjolein Fokkema, Valeria Alterman, Qian Liu <br /><br /><a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=GatewayURL&_method=citationSearch&_urlVersion=4&_origin=SDVIALERTHTML&_version=1&_piikey=S0049-089X%2815%2900088-5&md5=23387ab39bcd0a851dae3fb6d1ef02fe">Multicollinearity in hierarchical linear models</a><br />Han Yu, Shanhe Jiang, Kenneth C. Land <br /><br /><a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=GatewayURL&_method=citationSearch&_urlVersion=4&_origin=SDVIALERTHTML&_version=1&_piikey=S0049-089X%2815%2900108-8&md5=7108fa4c28160faee796453d2a00982d">Diversity begets diversity? The effects of board composition on the appointment and success of women CEOs</a><br />Alison Cook, Christy Glass <br /><br /><a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=GatewayURL&_method=citationSearch&_urlVersion=4&_origin=SDVIALERTHTML&_version=1&_piikey=S0049-089X%2815%2900096-4&md5=3988d53bec088725c556954c1f8a827e">Coalitional affiliation as a missing link between ethnic polarization and well-being: An empirical test from the European Social Survey</a><br />Rengin B. Firat, Pascal Boyer <br /><br /><a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=GatewayURL&_method=citationSearch&_urlVersion=4&_origin=SDVIALERTHTML&_version=1&_piikey=S0049-089X%2815%2900109-X&md5=d04531356c804cd5dbabf5ae28646451">Relational diversity and neighbourhood cohesion. Unpacking variety, balance and in-group size</a></div>
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Ruud Koopmans, Merlin Schaeffer <br /><br /><a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=GatewayURL&_method=citationSearch&_urlVersion=4&_origin=SDVIALERTHTML&_version=1&_piikey=S0049-089X%2815%2900106-4&md5=11fac04fa0c328ea95eb739fd48566a3">Population migration and children’s school enrollments in China, 1990–2005</a><br />Xiaogang Wu, Zhuoni Zhang <br /><br /><a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=GatewayURL&_method=citationSearch&_urlVersion=4&_origin=SDVIALERTHTML&_version=1&_piikey=S0049-089X%2815%2900111-8&md5=c4e9472dffe7cb0d319f276c91f27fd0">Single-parent households and children’s educational achievement: A state-level analysis</a><br />Paul R. Amato, Sarah Patterson, Brett Beattie <br /><br /><a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=GatewayURL&_method=citationSearch&_urlVersion=4&_origin=SDVIALERTHTML&_version=1&_piikey=S0049-089X%2815%2900107-6&md5=b9807fa53e19be9da4d491581ca2ee8a">Feeling good about the iron rice bowl: Economic sector and happiness in post-reform urban China</a> </div>
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Jia Wang, Yu Xie <br /><br /><a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=GatewayURL&_method=citationSearch&_urlVersion=4&_origin=SDVIALERTHTML&_version=1&_piikey=S0049-089X%2815%2900094-0&md5=6e71bf05d59debe80cbbac7b6cd2358b">Residential mobility during adolescence: Do even “upward” moves predict dropout risk?</a><br />Molly W. Metzger, Patrick J. Fowler, Courtney Lauren Anderson, Constance A. Lindsay <br /><br /><a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=GatewayURL&_method=citationSearch&_urlVersion=4&_origin=SDVIALERTHTML&_version=1&_piikey=S0049-089X%2815%2900113-1&md5=89130ac92751b7f1b7fa96ba1d6d4a38">Revisiting convergence: A research note</a><br />Rob Clark <br /><br /><a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=GatewayURL&_method=citationSearch&_urlVersion=4&_origin=SDVIALERTHTML&_version=1&_piikey=S0049-089X%2815%2900118-0&md5=595bfbba86027deb1ba52e35cba39849">Age at immigration and crime in Stockholm using sibling comparisons</a><br />Amber L. Beckley <br /><br /><a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=GatewayURL&_method=citationSearch&_urlVersion=4&_origin=SDVIALERTHTML&_version=1&_piikey=S0049-089X%2815%2900114-3&md5=4bdf27964224c47096d3336d8dc9eeca">Morality and politics: Comparing alternate theories</a><br />Andrew Miles, Stephen Vaisey <br /><br /><a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=GatewayURL&_method=citationSearch&_urlVersion=4&_origin=SDVIALERTHTML&_version=1&_piikey=S0049-089X%2815%2900116-7&md5=5ee98e4d756ab02ab75b66a05cca83d4">Military westernization and state repression in the post-Cold War era</a><br />Ori Swed, Alexander Weinreb <br /><br /><a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=GatewayURL&_method=citationSearch&_urlVersion=4&_origin=SDVIALERTHTML&_version=1&_piikey=S0049-089X%2815%2900112-X&md5=b0a85d1212b097663d864a55b6c3a168">Seclusion, decision-making power, and gender disparities in adult health: Examining hypertension in India</a><br />Samuel Stroope <br /><br /><a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=GatewayURL&_method=citationSearch&_urlVersion=4&_origin=SDVIALERTHTML&_version=1&_piikey=S0049-089X%2815%2900120-9&md5=c5d99b774a065d1ee474903a6affe3b0">Scientific consensus, the law, and same sex parenting outcomes</a><br />jimi adams, Ryan Light <br /><br /><a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=GatewayURL&_method=citationSearch&_urlVersion=4&_origin=SDVIALERTHTML&_version=1&_piikey=S0049-089X%2815%2900115-5&md5=f0bd60f393631e9394639cf4485388cd">Social control, social learning, and cheating: Evidence from lab and online experiments on dishonesty</a><br />Martina Kroher, Tobias Wolbring </div>
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<br /><a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=GatewayURL&_method=citationSearch&_urlVersion=4&_origin=SDVIALERTHTML&_version=1&_piikey=S0049-089X%2815%2900123-4&md5=4638738f1b032f79db390558a9c92f46">Mass imprisonment and the life course revisited: Cumulative years spent imprisoned and marked for working-age black and white men</a><br />Evelyn J. Patterson, Christopher Wildeman <br /><br /><a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=GatewayURL&_method=citationSearch&_urlVersion=4&_origin=SDVIALERTHTML&_version=1&_piikey=S0049-089X%2815%2900128-3&md5=062ba41e43f6ccaca8c8e5aacd6485e4">Ebony and Ivory? Interracial dating intentions and behaviors of disadvantaged African American women in Kentucky</a><br />David J. Luke, Carrie B. Oser <br /><br /><a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=GatewayURL&_method=citationSearch&_urlVersion=4&_origin=SDVIALERTHTML&_version=1&_piikey=S0049-089X%2815%2900122-2&md5=ef8630577aaa5130d7818e3b99984760">Social trust and grassroots governance in rural China</a><br />Narisong Huhe, Jie Chen, Min Tang <br /><br /><a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=GatewayURL&_method=citationSearch&_urlVersion=4&_origin=SDVIALERTHTML&_version=1&_piikey=S0049-089X%2815%2900124-6&md5=fa630191762d536610d07cc31b0aa84e">Family and housing instability: Longitudinal impact on adolescent emotional and behavioral well-being</a><br />Patrick J. Fowler, David B. Henry, Katherine E. Marcal <br /><br /><a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=GatewayURL&_method=citationSearch&_urlVersion=4&_origin=SDVIALERTHTML&_version=1&_piikey=S0049-089X%2815%2900131-3&md5=999412d5115b16e5249f34dc3f7ca386">Trends in exposure to industrial air toxins for different racial and socioeconomic groups: A spatial and temporal examination of environmental inequality in the U.S. from 1995 to 2004</a><br />Kerry Ard <br /><br /><a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=GatewayURL&_method=citationSearch&_urlVersion=4&_origin=SDVIALERTHTML&_version=1&_piikey=S0049-089X%2815%2900110-6&md5=c9ef4671d395e0d64dc7911a098b542e">In-services and empty threats: The roles of organizational practices and workplace experiences in shaping U.S. educators’ understandings of students’ rights</a><br />Jason Thompson, Richard Arum, Lauren B. Edelman, Calvin Morrill, Karolyn Tyson <br /><br /><a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=GatewayURL&_method=citationSearch&_urlVersion=4&_origin=SDVIALERTHTML&_version=1&_piikey=S0049-089X%2815%2900119-2&md5=e2fee0d6d890918ee120094e0d9c3e8b">Incarceration and Black–White inequality in Homeownership: A state-level analysis</a><br />Daniel Schneider, Kristin Turney</div>
Matthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10009344656541521703noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6847497373404473130.post-30230942023164749602015-07-19T21:00:00.003-04:002015-07-19T21:00:00.545-04:00Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 52(5)<a href="http://jrc.sagepub.com/content/52/5?etoc">Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, August 2015: Volume 52, Issue 5</a><br /><br /><a href="http://jrc.sagepub.com/content/52/5/635?etoc">Can We Predict Long-term Community Crime Problems? The Estimation of Ecological Continuity to Model Risk Heterogeneity</a><br />Ralph B. Taylor, Jerry H. Ratcliffe, and Amber Perenzin<br /><blockquote class="tr_bq">
Objectives: In small-scale, intra-urban communities, do fundamental demographic correlates of crime, proven important in community criminology, link to next year’s crime levels, even after controlling for this year’s crime levels? If they do, it would imply that shifting ecologies of crime apparent after a year are driven in part by dynamics emerging from structural differentials. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this question has not yet been addressed. Methods: For Philadelphia (PA) census block groups, 2005 to 2009 data from the American Community Survey and 2009 crime counts were used to predict spatially smoothed 2010 crime counts in three different models: crime only, demographics only, and crime plus demographics. Models are tested for major personal (murder, rape-aggravated assault, and robbery) and property (burglary and motor vehicle theft) crimes. Results: For all crime types investigated except rape and homicide, crime plus demographics resulted in the best combination of prediction/simplicity based on the Bayesian Information Criterion. Socioeconomic status (SES) and racial composition linked as expected theoretically to crime changes. Conclusions: Intercommunity structural differences in power relationships, as reflected in SES and racial composition, link to later crime shifts at the same time that ongoing crime continuities link current and future crime levels. The main practical implication is that crime analysts tasked with long-term, one-year-look-ahead forecasting may benefit by considering demographic structure as well as current crime.</blockquote>
<br /><a href="http://jrc.sagepub.com/content/52/5/658?etoc">Co-Offender Ties and the Criminal Career: The Relationship between Co-Offender Group Structure and the Individual Offender</a><br />Brendan Lantz and Robert Hutchison<br /><blockquote class="tr_bq">
Objectives: This study aims to assess three related aspects of co-offending networks: (1) the characteristics of co-offending groups and the duration of group offending careers, (2) the impact of membership in co-offending groups on total offending and the length of individual offending careers, and (3) the impact of offender arrest (or changes in co-offending group structure) on the offending patterns of connected co-offenders. Methods: Data on sentenced burglary offenders (N = 270) in one county in Pennsylvania from 2001 to 2010 are used to examine the impact of co-offending group membership, as well as the relationship between the changing network structure and the offending patterns of connected co-offenders, within a two-level modeling framework. Results: Larger groups with more dispersed offending structures offend over the longest span. Additionally, membership in co-offending groups is associated with more total offending and a longer individual offending career. Finally, the arrest of structurally important offenders, compared to more peripheral offenders, is significantly associated with the decreased offending of connected co-offenders. Conclusions: The removal of a highly central “instigator” or “recruiter” is associated with desistance among connected co-offenders. Future research should examine the mechanisms behind these effects, and why the arrest of co-offending partners is associated with desistance.</blockquote>
<br /><a href="http://jrc.sagepub.com/content/52/5/691?etoc">Credit and Trust: Management of Network Ties in Illicit Drug Distribution</a><br />Kim Moeller and Sveinung Sandberg<br /><blockquote class="tr_bq">
Objectives: This study examines the use of credit, or “fronting,” in the illegal drug economy. We study how fronting affects transaction costs and insulates against law enforcement in drug distribution networks and what role fronting plays in the management of interpersonal network ties. The emphasis is on the cooperative dimension of credits. Methods: Qualitative interviews were conducted with 68 incarcerated drug dealers in Norwegian prisons. Most were mid-level dealers (66 percent), dealing with many different drugs, but amphetamines were the main drugs distributed (38 percent). Using qualitative content analysis, we explore their perspective on the fronting of illegal drugs and associated practices in the illegal drug economy. Results: We find that dealers are generally skeptical toward fronting drugs, and accepting fronted drugs, but that this practice still is common. The main reason is that the practice secures a faster turnaround. Credits are embedded in social relationships both economically and socially. Previous social relationships are often a prerequisite, but fronting is also used to build trust. Conclusion: Although transaction cost economics captures the economic dimension of credit, insights from economic sociology and in particular the social embeddedness approach are necessary to understand the interplay between economic and social factors when drugs are fronted in the illegal economy.</blockquote>
<br /><a href="http://jrc.sagepub.com/content/52/5/717?etoc">Mortgage Foreclosures and the Changing Mix of Crime in Micro-neighborhoods</a><br />Johanna Lacoe and Ingrid Gould Ellen<br /><blockquote class="tr_bq">
Objectives: The main objectives of the study are to estimate the impact of mortgage foreclosures on the location of criminal activity within a blockface. Drawing on routine activity theory, disorder theory, and social disorganization theory, the study explores potential mechanisms that link foreclosures to crime. Methods: To estimate the relationship between foreclosures and localized crime, we use detailed foreclosure and crime data at the blockface level in Chicago and a difference-in-difference estimation strategy. Results: Overall, mortgage foreclosures increase crime on blockfaces. Foreclosures have a larger impact on crime that occurs inside residences than on crime in the street. The impact of foreclosures on crime location varies by crime type (violent, property, and public order crime). Conclusions: The evidence supports the three main theoretical mechanisms that link foreclosure activity to local crime. The investigation of the relationship by crime location suggests that foreclosures change the relative attractiveness of indoor and outdoor locations for crime commission on the blockface.</blockquote>
<br /><a href="http://jrc.sagepub.com/content/52/5/747?etoc">Explaining Adolescents’ Delinquency and Substance Use: A Test of the Maturity Gap: The SNARE study</a><br />Jan Kornelis Dijkstra, Tina Kretschmer, Kim Pattiselanno, Aart Franken, Zeena Harakeh, Wilma Vollebergh, and René Veenstra<br /><blockquote class="tr_bq">
Objectives: One explanation for the increase in delinquency in adolescence is that young people are trapped in the so-called maturity gap: the discrepancy between biological and social maturation, which motivates them to engage in delinquency as a temporary means to bridge this gap by emphasizing their maturity. In the current study, we investigated to what extent the discrepancy between pubertal status (i.e., biological maturation) and autonomy in decision making (i.e., social maturation) is related to conflict with parents, which in turn predicts increasing levels of delinquency as well as substance use. Methods: Hypotheses were tested by means of path models in a longitudinal sample of adolescent boys and girls (N = 1,844; M age 13.02) from the Social Network Analyses of Risk behaviors in Early adolescence (SNARE) study using a one-year time interval. Results: Results indicate that biological maturation in interaction with social maturation predict conflict with parents, which in turn was related to higher levels of delinquency and substance use over time. No gender differences were found. Conclusions: These findings reveal that conflict with parents is an important mechanism, linking the interplay of biological and social maturation with delinquency and substance use in early adolescence for boys and girls.</blockquote>
Matthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10009344656541521703noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6847497373404473130.post-69430554987561536992015-07-19T21:00:00.002-04:002015-07-19T21:00:02.655-04:00Theory and Society 44(4)<a href="http://alerts.springer.com/re?l=D0In5wxcbI6h4nm08Ih">Theory and Society, July 2015: Volume 44, Issue 4</a><br /><br /><a href="http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11186-015-9251-x">Revolutions and the international</a><br />George Lawson<div>
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<blockquote class="tr_bq">
Although contemporary theorists of revolution usually claim to be incorporating international dynamics in their analysis, “the international” remains a residual feature of revolutionary theory. For the most part, international processes are seen either as the facilitating context for revolutions or as the dependent outcome of revolutions. The result is an analytical bifurcation between international and domestic in which the former serves as the backdrop to the latter’s causal agency. This article demonstrates the benefits of a fuller engagement between revolutionary theory and “the international.” It does so in three steps: first, the article examines the ways in which contemporary revolutionary theory apprehends “the international”; second, it lays out the descriptive and analytical advantages of an “intersocietal” approach; and third, it traces the ways in which international dynamics help to constitute revolutionary situations, trajectories, and outcomes. In this way, revolutions are understood as “intersocietal” all the way down.</blockquote>
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<a href="http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11186-015-9253-8">Cycles of polarization and settlement: diffusion and transformation in the macroeconomic policy field</a><br />Tod S. Van Gunten<br /><blockquote class="tr_bq">
Innovative theories and policy proposals originating in the economics profession have diffused globally over the past several decades, but these models and policy programs transform as they spread. Existing models of change based on the concept of “paradigm shifts” capture the transformation of the economics profession at a high level of abstraction, but analysis of more concrete policy changes and associated ideas requires developing theory at a lower level of abstraction. I propose a field theoretic model of change based on the concept of cycles of polarization and settlement. According to this model, settlements are characterized by multiple cross-cutting axes of competition and debate in a professional field. Moments of contention emerge when field entrepreneurs successfully build professional movements, resulting in polarization. However, contention is episodic and followed by the emergence of “centripetal forces” which lead a gradual return to the center. I develop this model by examining the case of monetary economics and policy in Latin America, a critical case for studies of the policy influence of economic ideas and experts.</blockquote>
<br /><a href="http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11186-015-9254-7">Global borderlands: a case study of the Subic Bay Freeport Zone, Philippines</a><br />Victoria Reyes<br /><blockquote class="tr_bq">
By developing the concept of “global borderlands”—semi-autonomous, foreign-controlled geographic locations geared toward international exchange—this article shifts the focus of globalization literature from elite global cities and cities on national borders to within-country sites owned or operated by foreigners and defined by significant social, cultural, and economic exchange. I analyze three shared features of these sites: semi-autonomy, symbolic and geographic boundaries, and unequal relations. The multi-method analyses reveal how the concept of global borderlands can help us better understand the interactions that occur among people of different nationalities, classes, and races/ethnicities and the complex dynamics that occur within foreign-controlled spaces. I first situate global borderlands within the literatures of global cities and geopolitical borderlands. Next, I use the case study of Subic Bay Freeport Zone (SBFZ), Philippines to show (1) how the semi-autonomy of global borderlands produces different regulations depending on nationality, (2) how its geographic and symbolic borders differentiate this space from the surrounding community, and (3) how the semi-autonomy of these locations and their geographic and symbolic borders reproduce unequal relations. As home of the former US Subic Bay Naval Base and current site of a Freeport Zone, the SBFZ serves as a particularly strategic research location to examine the different forms of interactions that occur between groups within spaces of unequal power.</blockquote>
<br /><a href="http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11186-015-9246-7">Review essay: The promise of Bourdieusian political sociology</a><br />Bart Bonikowski</div>
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<blockquote class="tr_bq">
This essay provides an analytical review of David Swartz’s book on Bourdieu’s political sociology. I argue that among its many virtues, the book presents Bourdieu’s ideas in an accessible and synthetic manner, adding clarity to what is a complex and often contradictory theoretical system. In addition to assessing the book’s contributions, I draw inspiration from Swartz’s work to point out some of the limitations of the Bourdieusian perspective and identify promising avenues for the further elaboration of this approach through empirical research.</blockquote>
Matthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10009344656541521703noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6847497373404473130.post-55196623555773884992015-07-19T21:00:00.001-04:002015-07-19T21:00:01.418-04:00American Journal of Sociology 120(6)<a href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/676844?origin=JSTOR-HTMLeTOCAlert">American Journal of Sociology, May 2015: Volume 120, Issue 6</a><br /><br /> <a href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/681961?origin=JSTOR-HTMLeTOCAlert">Explaining the Persistence of Health Disparities: Social Stratification and the Efficiency-Equity Trade-off in the Kidney Transplantation System</a><br /> Jonathan Daw<br /><blockquote class="tr_bq">
Why do health disparities persist when their previous mechanisms are eliminated? Fundamental-cause theorists argue that social position primarily improves health through two metamechanisms: better access to health information and technology. I argue that the general, cumulative, and embodied consequences of social stratification can produce another metamechanism: an efficiency-equity trade-off. A case in point is kidney transplantation, where the mechanisms previously thought to link race to outcomes—ability to pay and certain factors in the kidney allocation system—have been greatly reduced, yet large disparities persist. I show that these current disparities are rooted in factors that directly influence posttransplant success, placing efficiency and racial/ethnic equity at cross-purposes.</blockquote>
<br /> <a href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/682021?origin=JSTOR-HTMLeTOCAlert">From Masterly Brokers to Compliant Protégées: The Frontier Governance System and the Rise of Ethnic Confrontation in China–Inner Mongolia, 1900–1930</a><br /> Liping Wang<br /><blockquote class="tr_bq">
Center-periphery explanations focus on political centralization, state collapse, and nationalization to explain the genesis of separatist movements that form new national states. This study shows that three periods of Chinese-Mongolian relations—land reform (1900–1911), revolution and interregnum (1912–16) and warlordism (1917–30)—contained events that center-periphery perspectives associate with the rise of autonomous movements, yet Mongolian separatism did not occur until the last period. To explain this puzzle, the author characterizes the formation, integration, and dismemberment of the frontier governance system as an intermediate body between the center and the periphery. She demonstrates that the effects pointed to by center-periphery explanations were mediated, at least in the case of Inner Mongolia, by the structural transformations of the frontier governance system. Not assuming a natural opposition between the center and the periphery, this study elucidates the polarization of the center-periphery relationship and its impact on minority separatism.</blockquote>
<br /> <a href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/681714?origin=JSTOR-HTMLeTOCAlert">Community Constraints on the Efficacy of Elite Mobilization: The Issuance of Currency Substitutes during the Panic of 1907</a><br /> Lori Qingyuan Yue<br /><blockquote class="tr_bq">
Organizing collective action to secure support from local communities provides a source of power for elites to protect their interests, but community structures constrain the ability of elites to use this power. Elites’ power is not static or self-perpetuating but changing and dynamic. There are situations in which elites are forced into movement-like struggles to mobilize support from their community. The success of elites’ mobilization is affected by cultural and structural factors that shape the collective meaning of supporting elites’ actions and the identities that are formed in doing so. I find broad support for these propositions in a study of the issuances of small-denomination currency substitutes in 145 U.S. cities during the Panic of 1907. I discuss the contributions of this article to elite studies, the social movement literature, and the sociology of money.</blockquote>
<br /> <a href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/681715?origin=JSTOR-HTMLeTOCAlert">Urbanization as Socioenvironmental Succession: The Case of Hazardous Industrial Site Accumulation</a><br /> James R. Elliott and Scott Frickel<br /><blockquote class="tr_bq">
This study rehabilitates concepts from classical human ecology and synthesizes them with contemporary urban and environmental sociology to advance a theory of urbanization as socioenvironmental succession. The theory illuminates how social and biophysical phenomena interact endogenously at the local level to situate urban land use patterns recursively and reciprocally in place. To demonstrate this theory we conduct a historical-comparative analysis of hazardous industrial site accumulation in four U.S. cities, using a relational database that was assembled for more than 11,000 facilities that operated during the past half century—most of which remain unacknowledged in government reports. Results show how three iterative processes—hazardous industrial churning, residential churning, and risk containment—intersect to produce successive socioenvironmental changes that are highly relevant to but often missed by research on urban growth machines, environmental inequality, and systemic risk.</blockquote>
<br /> <a href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/681960?origin=JSTOR-HTMLeTOCAlert">Agents of Change or Cogs in the Machine? Reexamining the Influence of Female Managers on the Gender Wage Gap</a><br /> Sameer B. Srivastava and Eliot L. Sherman<br /><blockquote class="tr_bq">
Do female managers act in ways that narrow or instead act in ways that preserve or even widen the gender wage gap? Although conceptual arguments exist on both sides of this debate, the empirical evidence to date has favored the former view. Yet this evidence comes primarily from cross-establishment surveys, which do not provide visibility into individual managers’ choices. Using longitudinal personnel records from an information services firm in which managers had considerable discretion over employee salaries, we estimate multilevel models that indicate no support for the proposition that female managers reduce the gender wage gap among their subordinates. Consistent with the theory of value threat, we instead find conditional support for the cogs-in-the-machine perspective: in the subsample of high-performing supervisors and low-performing employees, women who switched from a male to a female supervisor had a lower salary in the following year than men who made the same switch.</blockquote>
<br /> <a href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/681962?origin=JSTOR-HTMLeTOCAlert">Do Different Methods for Modeling Age-Graded Trajectories Yield Consistent and Valid Results?</a><br /> John Robert Warren, Liying Luo, Andrew Halpern-Manners, James M. Raymo, and Alberto Palloni<br /><blockquote class="tr_bq">
Data on age-sequenced trajectories of individuals’ attributes are used for a growing number of research purposes. However, there is no consensus about which method to use to identify the number of discrete trajectories in a population or to assign individuals to a specific trajectory group. The authors modeled real and simulated trajectory data using “naïve” methods, optimal matching, grade of membership models, and three types of finite-mixture models. They found that these methods produced inferences about the number of trajectories that frequently differ (1) from one another and (2) from the truth as represented by simulation parameters. They also found that they differed in the assignment of individuals to trajectory groups. In light of these findings, the authors argue that researchers should interpret results based on these methods cautiously, neither reifying point estimates about the number of trajectories nor treating individuals’ trajectory group assignments as certain.</blockquote>
Matthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10009344656541521703noreply@blogger.com0