Forthcoming (Fall 2011)

Many journals release articles online prior to their formal publication date. Some of these will be published in the next issue of their respective journals, while others might be held for a year or longer. Although the list is long, it can be worth perusing at least a couple times a year.

These journals currently provide early access to forthcoming articles, and their content is listed below:

American Psychologist
American Sociological Review
British Journal of Criminology
Crime & Delinquency
Critical Criminology
Journal of Criminal Justice
Journal of Quantitative Criminology
Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency
Justice Quarterly
Psychological Bulletin
Sociological Methodology
Theoretical Criminology
Theory and Society

American Psychologist

Nonrational processes in ethical decision making.
Rogerson, Mark D.; Gottlieb, Michael C.; Handelsman, Mitchell M.; Knapp, Samuel; Younggren, Jeffrey

Guidelines for psychological practice with lesbian, gay, and bisexual clients.
No authorship indicated

Principles for quality undergraduate education in psychology.
No authorship indicated

Guidelines for the practice of parenting coordination.
No authorship indicated

Lesbian, gay, and bisexual victimization in the military: An unintended consequence of “don't ask, don't tell”?
Burks, Derek J.

Guidelines for the evaluation of dementia and age-related cognitive change.
No authorship indicated

Beyond positive psychology?: Toward a contextual view of psychological processes and well-being.
McNulty, James K.; Fincham, Frank D.

Training the brain: Practical applications of neural plasticity from the intersection of cognitive neuroscience, developmental psychology, and prevention science.
Bryck, Richard L.; Fisher, Philip A.

Understanding the dorsal and ventral systems of the human cerebral cortex: Beyond dichotomies.
Borst, Grégoire; Thompson, William L.; Kosslyn, Stephen M.

Public skepticism of psychology: Why many people perceive the study of human behavior as unscientific.
Lilienfeld, Scott O.

Toward a new approach to the study of personality in culture.
Cheung, Fanny M.; van de Vijver, Fons J. R.; Leong, Frederick T. L.

Lifestyle and mental health.
Walsh, Roger

American Sociological Review

Bringing Managers Back In: Managerial Influences on Workplace Inequality
Emilio J. Castilla

Neighborhood Effects in Temporal Perspective: The Impact of Long-Term Exposure to Concentrated Disadvantage on High School Graduation
Geoffrey T. Wodtke, David J. Harding, and Felix Elwert

The Firm Strikes Back: Non-compete Agreements and the Mobility of Technical Professionals
Matt Marx

The Enduring Association between Education and Mortality: The Role of Widening and Narrowing Disparities
Richard Miech, Fred Pampel, Jinyoung Kim, and Richard G. Rogers

British Journal of Criminology

Sentencing for Murder: Exploring Public Knowledge and Public Opinion in England and Wales
Barry Mitchell and Julian V. Roberts

Executions, Imprisonment and Crime in Trinidad and Tobago
David F. Greenberg and Biko Agozino

The Legitimization of CCTV as a Policy Tool: Genesis and Stabilization of a Socio-Technical Device in Three French Cities
Séverine Germain, Anne-Cécile Douillet, and Laurence Dumoulin

‘Keeping the Peace’: Social Identity, Procedural Justice and the Policing of Football Crowds
Clifford Stott, James Hoggett, and Geoff Pearson

Security and Disappointment: Policing, Freedom and Xenophobia in South Africa
Jonny Steinberg

Using Jurors to Explore Public Attitudes to Sentencing
Kate Warner and Julia Davis

Understanding Cooperation With Police in a Diverse Society
Kristina Murphy and Adrian Cherney

E-Resistance and Technological In/Security in Everyday Life: The Palestinian Case
Nadera Shalhoub-Kevorkian

Untangling the Relationship Between Fear of Crime and Perceptions of Disorder: Evidence from a Longitudinal Study of Young People in England and Wales
Ian Brunton-Smith

Compstat and the New Penology: A Paradigm Shift in Policing?
James J. Willis and Stephen D. Mastrofski

Using ‘Turning Points’ To Understand Processes of Change in Offending: Notes from a Swedish Study on Life Courses and Crime
Christoffer Carlsson

History And Global Criminology: (Re)Inventing Delinquency in Vietnam
Pamela Cox

The Soldier as Victim: Peering through the Looking Glass
Ross McGarry and Sandra Walklate

Perceived Group Threat and Punitive Attitudes in Russia and The United States
Darren Wheelock, Olga Semukhina, and Nicolai N. Demidov

Homicide Law Reform in Victoria, Australia: From Provocation to Defensive Homicide and Beyond
Kate Fitz-Gibbon and Sharon Pickering

Informers and the Transition in Northern Ireland
Ron Dudai

Regulating Drug Dependency in China: The 2008 PRC Drug Prohibition Law
Sarah Biddulph and Chuanyu Xie

Mind the Double Gap: Using Multivariate Multilevel Modelling to Investigate Public Perceptions of Crime Trends
John Mohan, Liz Twigg, and Joanna Taylor

Juvenile Victims in Restorative Justice: Findings from the Reintegrative Shaming Experiments
Tali Gal and Shomron Moyal

‘I Had a Hard Life’: Exploring Childhood Adversity in the Shaping of Masculinities among Men Who Killed an Intimate Partner in South Africa
Shanaaz Mathews, Rachel Jewkes, and Naeemah Abrahams

War Crimes in the 2008 Georgia–Russia Conflict
Christopher W. Mullins

Sentencing Guidelines and Judicial Discretion: Evolution of the Duty of Courts to Comply in England and Wales
Julian V. Roberts

Crime & Delinquency

The Only Thing We Have to Fear Is Fear Itself: Investigating the Relationship Between Fear of Falling and White-Collar Crime
Nicole Leeper Piquero

A Comparison of Chinese Immigrants’ Perceptions of the Police in New York City and Toronto
Doris C. Chu and John Huey-Long Song

Race, Ethnicity, and School-Based Adolescent Victimization
Anthony A. Peguero, Ann Marie Popp, and Dixie J. Koo

Inside the Black Box: Identifying the Variables That Mediate the Effects of an Experimental Intervention for Adolescents
Carter Hay, Xia Wang, Emily Ciaravolo, and Ryan C. Meldrum

Reconceptualizing Victimization and Victimization Responses
Heather Zaykowski

Participation in the Community Social Control, the Neighborhood Watch Groups : Individual- and Neighborhood-Related Factors
Ji Hyon Kang

How do Former Inmates Perform in the Community? A Survival Analysis of Rearrests, Reconvictions, and Technical Parole Violations
Michael Ostermann

Reporting Error in Household Gun Ownership in the 2000 General Social Survey
Richard L. Legault

Gang Involvement: Social and Environmental Factors
Emma Alleyne and Jane L. Wood

The Impact of Race/Ethnicity and Quality-of-Life Policing on Public Attitudes Toward Racially Biased Policing and Traffic Stops
Jihong Solomon Zhao, Yung-Lien Lai, Ling Ren, and Brian Lawton

Examining the Effects of Residential Situations and Residential Mobility on Offender Recidivism
Benjamin Steiner, Matthew D. Makarios, and Lawrence F. Travis III

Officer Race Versus Macro-Level Context: A Test of Competing Hypotheses About Black Citizens’ Experiences With and Perceptions of Black Police Officers
Rod K. Brunson and Jacinta M. Gau

Guns and Trafficking in Crack-Cocaine and Other Drug Markets
Richard B. Felson and Luke Bonkiewicz

Neighborhood Conditions and Fear of Crime: A Reconsideration of Sex Differences
Karen A. Snedker

Sentencing Juveniles to Life in Prison: The Reproduction of Juvenile Justice for Young Adolescents Charged With Murder
Simon I. Singer

Understanding Gang Membership and Crime Victimization Among Jail Inmates: Testing the Effects of Self-Control
Kathleen A. Fox, Jodi Lane, and Ronald L. Akers

Does Prison-Based Adult Basic Education Improve Postrelease Outcomes for Male Prisoners in Florida?
Rosa Minhyo Cho and John H. Tyler

Shelter During the Storm: A Search for Factors That Protect At-Risk Adolescents From Violence
Marvin D. Krohn, Alan J. Lizotte, Shawn D. Bushway, Nicole M. Schmidt, and Matthew D. Phillips

The Impact of Drivers’ Race, Gender, and Age During Traffic Stops: Assessing Interaction Terms and the Social Conditioning Model
Rob Tillyer and Robin S. Engel

The Subjective Impact of Contact With the Criminal Justice System: The Role of Gender and Stigmatization
Andrew James McGrath

Gendered Pathways? Gender, Mediating Factors, and the Gap in Boys’ and Girls’ Substance Use
Rachel Bridges Whaley, Justin Hayes-Smith, and Rebecca Hayes-Smith

Testing the Link Between Child Maltreatment and Family Violence Among Police Officers
Egbert Zavala

The Relationship Between Citizen Perceptions of Collective Efficacy and Neighborhood Violent Crime
Todd A. Armstrong, Charles M. Katz, and Stephen M. Schnebly

Using Cognitive Interviewing to Explore Causes for Racial Differences on the MAYSI-2
Henrika McCoy

Policing Domestic Violence in the Post-SARP Era: The Impact of a Domestic Violence Police Unit
M. Lyn Exum, Jennifer L. Hartman, Paul C. Friday, and Vivian B. Lord

An Examination of the Micro-Level Crime–Fear of Crime Link
Jihong Solomon Zhao, Brian Lawton, and Dennis Longmire

Examining Officer and Citizen Accounts of Police Use-of-Force Incidents
Jeff Rojek, Geoffrey P. Alpert, and Hayden P. Smith

Risk Assessment of Girls: Are There Any Sex Differences in Risk Factors for Re-offending and in Risk Profiles?
Claudia E. van der Put, Maja Dekovic, Machteld Hoeve, Geert Jan J. M. Stams, Peter H. van der Laan, and Femke E. M. Langewouters

Prison Architecture and Inmate Misconduct: A Multilevel Assessment
Robert G. Morris and John L. Worrall

Sentencing Asian Offenders in State Courts: The Influence of a Prevalent Stereotype
Travis W. Franklin and Noelle E. Fearn

Problem-Oriented Policing in Colorado Springs: A Content Analysis of 753 Cases
Edward R. Maguire, Craig D. Uchida, and Kimberly D. Hassell

Accumulated Strain, Negative Emotions, and Crime: A Test of General Strain Theory in Russia
Ekaterina Botchkovar and Lisa Broidy

A Sociological Theory of Drug Sales, Gifts, and Frauds
Scott Jacques and Richard Wright

Sedentary Activities, Peer Behavior, and Delinquency Among American Youth
Robert G. Morris and Matthew C. Johnson

Assessing Crime as a Problem: The Relationship Between Residents’ Perception of Crime and Official Crime Rates Over 25 Years
John R Hipp

Do More Police Lead to More Crime Deterrence?
Gary Kleck and J.C. Barnes

Men, Women, and Postrelease Offending: An Examination of the Nature of the Link Between Relational Ties and Recidivism
Jennifer E. Cobbina, Beth M. Huebner, and Mark T. Berg

Comparative Effectiveness of California’s Proposition 36 and Drug Court Programs Before and After Propensity Score Matching
Elizabeth Evans, Libo Li, Darren Urada, and M. Douglas Anglin

Magnetic Facilities: Identifying the Convergence Settings of Juvenile Delinquents
Gisela Bichler, Aili Malm, and Janet Enriquez

Evidence-Based Prosecution of Intimate Partner Violence in the Post-Crawford Era: A Single-City Study of the Factors Leading to Prosecution
Jill Theresa Messing

Reevaluating Interrater Reliability in Offender Risk Assessment
Leontien M van der Knaap, Laura E. W. Leenarts, Marise Ph Born, and Paul Oosterveld

Beyond Boston: Applying Theory to Understand and Address Sustainability Issues in Focused Deterrence Initiatives for Violence Reduction
Marie Skubak Tillyer, Robin S. Engel, and Brian Lovins

The Criminal Victimization–Depression Sequela: Examining the Effects of Violent Victimization on Depression With a Longitudinal Propensity Score Design
Andy Hochstetler, Gloria Jones-Johnson, Matt Delisi, and W. Roy Johnson

Race, Pre- and Postdetention, and Juvenile Justice Decision Making
Michael J. Leiber

Period Effects in the Impact of Vietnam-Era Military Service on Crime Over the Life Course
Leana Allen Bouffard

Using a Criminally Involved Population to Examine the Relationship Between Race/Ethnicity, Structural Disadvantage, and Methamphetamine Use
Andrew M. Fox and Nancy Rodriguez

Policing Juveniles: Domestic Violence Arrest Policies, Gender, and Police Response to Child–Parent Violence
Kevin J. Strom, Tara D. Warner, Lisa Tichavsky, and Margaret A. Zahn

Reactive Versus Proactive Attitudes Toward Domestic Violence: A Comparison of Taiwanese Male and Female Police Officers
Doris C. Chu and Ivan Y. Sun

The Ties That Bind: Desistance From Gangs
David C. Pyrooz, Scott H. Decker, and Vincent J. Webb

Community and Campus Crime: A Geospatial Examination of the Clery Act
Matt R. Nobles, Kathleen A. Fox, David N. Khey, and Alan J. Lizotte

A Squandered Opportunity? A Review of SAMHSA’S National Registry of Evidence-Based Programs and Practices for Offenders
Benjamin J. Wright, Sheldon X. Zhang, and David Farabee

Crisis Intervention Teams and People With Mental Illness: Exploring the Factors That Influence the Use of Force
Melissa S. Morabito, Amy N. Kerr, Amy Watson, Jeffrey Draine, Victor Ottati, and Beth Angell

Placing the Neighborhood Accessibility–Burglary Link in Social-Structural Context
Jeffrey T. Ward, Matt R. Nobles, Tasha J. Youstin, and Carrie L. Cook

Disentangling the Effects of Violent Victimization, Violent Behavior, and Gun Carrying for Minority Inner-City Youth Living in Extreme Poverty
Richard Spano and John Bolland

Cultures of Violence and Acts of Terror: Applying a Legitimation–Habituation Model to Terrorism
Christopher W. Mullins and Joseph K. Young

Elaboration on Specialization in Crime: Disaggregating Age Cohort Effects
Shachar Yonai, Stephen Z. Levine, and Joseph Glicksohn

Preentry Substance Abuse Services: The Heterogeneity of Offender Experiences
Philip R. Magaletta, Pamela M. Diamond, Beth M. Weinman, Ashley Burnell, and Carl G. Leukefeld

General Strain Theory and School Bullying: An Empirical Test in South Korea
Byongook Moon, Merry Morash, and John D. McCluskey

Morality, Self-Control, Deterrence, and Drug Use: Street Youths and Situational Action Theory
Owen Gallupe and Stephen W. Baron

Disproportionate Minority Confinement of Juveniles: A National Examination of Black–White Disparity in Placements, 1997-2006
Jaya Davis and Jon R. Sorensen

Violent Video Games, Catharsis Seeking, Bullying, and Delinquency: A Multivariate Analysis of Effects
Christopher J. Ferguson, Cheryl K. Olson, Lawrence A. Kutner, and Dorothy E. Warner

Drugs, Guns, and Disadvantaged Youths: Co-Occurring Behavior and the Code of the Street
Andrea N. Allen and Celia C. Lo

A Comparison of Robbers’ Use of Physical Coercion in Commercial and Street Robberies
John D. McCluskey

Calling the Police in Instances of Family Violence: Effects of Victim–Offender Relationship and Life Stages
Ji Hyon Kang and James P. Lynch

The Aftermath of Criminal Victimization: Race, Self-Esteem, and Self-Efficacy
Matt DeLisi, Gloria Jones-Johnson, W. Roy Johnson, and Andy Hochstetler

The Impact of Drug Treatment on Recidivism: Do Mandatory Programs Make a Difference? Evidence From Kansas's Senate Bill 123
Andres F. Rengifo and Don Stemen

Disaggregating the Relationship Between Schools and Crime: A Spatial Analysis
Rebecca K. Murray and Marc L. Swatt

Indeterminate and Determinate Sentencing Models: A State-Specific Analysis of Their Effects on Recidivism
Yan Zhang, Lening Zhang, and Michael S. Vaughn

Assessing the Differential Effects of Race and Ethnicity on Sentence Outcomes Under Different Sentencing Systems
Xia Wang, Daniel P. Mears, Cassia Spohn, and Lisa Dario

Differential Deterrence: Studying Heterogeneity and Changes in Perceptual Deterrence Among Serious Youthful Offenders
Thomas A. Loughran, Alex R. Piquero, Jeffrey Fagan, and Edward P. Mulvey

Do State Policies Matter in Prosecutor-Reported Juvenile Marijuana Case Disposition?
Yvonne M. Terry-McElrath, Jamie F. Chriqui, Hannalori Bates, and Duane C. McBride

Examining Diffusion and Arrest Avoidance Practices Among Johns
Thomas J. Holt, Kristie R. Blevins, and Joseph B. Kuhns

Problem-Oriented Policing and Open-Air Drug Markets: Examining the Rockford Pulling Levers Deterrence Strategy
Nicholas Corsaro, Rod K. Brunson, and Edmund F. McGarrell

Organizational Failure and the Disbanding of Local Police Agencies
William R. King

A Multivariate Analysis of the Sociodemographic Predictors of Methamphetamine Production and Use
Todd A. Armstrong and Gaylene S. Armstrong

The Lost Cause? Examining the Southern Culture of Honor Through Defensive Gun Use
Heith Copes, Tomislav V. Kovandzic, J. Mitchell Miller, and Luke Williamson

Childhood Psychopathology Predicts Adolescence-Onset Offending: A Longitudinal Study
Nicole Buck, Frank Verhulst, Hjalmar van Marle, and Jan van der Ende

Modeling Isomorphism on Policing Innovation: The Role of Institutional Pressures in Adopting Community-Oriented Policing
George W. Burruss and Matthew J. Giblin

Community Characteristics and Methamphetamine Use in a Rural State: An Analysis of Preincarceration Usage by Prison Inmates
Aaron Roussell, Malcolm D. Holmes, and Richard Anderson-Sprecher

Determinants of Police Strength in Large U.S. Cities During the 1990s: A Fixed-Effects Panel Analysis
William P. McCarty, Ling Ren, and Jihong "Solomon" Zhao

Associations Between Order Maintenance Policing and Violent Crime: Considering the Mediating Effects of Residential Context
Robert J. Kane and Shea W. Cronin

Criminal Offending and Learning Disabilities in New Zealand Youth: Does Reading Comprehension Predict Recidivism?
Julia J. Rucklidge, Anthony P. McLean, and Paula Bateup

Propensity for Violence Among Homeless and Runaway Adolescents: An Event History Analysis
Devan M. Crawford, Les B. Whitbeck, and Dan R. Hoyt

The Public Safety Impact of Community Notification Laws: Rearrest of Convicted Sex Offenders
Naomi J. Freeman

Offender Perceptions of Graduated Sanctions
Eric J. Wodahl, Robbin Ogle, Colleen Kadleck, and Kenneth Gerow

Implications of Different Outcome Measures for an Understanding of Inmate Misconduct
Benjamin Steiner and John Wooldredge

Stability of Delinquent Peer Associations: A Biosocial Test of Warr’s Sticky-Friends Hypothesis
Kevin M. Beaver, Chris L. Gibson, Michael G. Turner, Matt DeLisi, Michael G. Vaughn, and Ashleigh Holand

Parental Status and Punitiveness: Moderating Effects of Gender and Concern About Crime
Kelly Welch

What a Girl Wants, What a Girl Needs: Findings From a Gender-Specific Focus Group Study
Crystal A. Garcia and Jodi Lane

Cheating the Hangman: The Effect of the Roper v. Simmons Decision on Homicides Committed by Juveniles
Jamie L. Flexon, Lisa Stolzenberg, and Stewart J. D’Alessio

Judges' Reactions to Ohio's "Jessica's Law"
Timothy Griffin and John Wooldredge

The Institutionalization of Racial Profiling Policy: An Examination of Antiprofiling Policy Adoption Among Large Law Enforcement Agencies
Kirk Miller

The Impact of Security Placement on Female Offenders' Institutional Behavior
Renée Gobeil, Kelley Blanchette, and Meredith Robeson Barrett

An Examination of the Interactions of Race and Gender on Sentencing Decisions Using a Trichotomous Dependent Variable
Tina L. Freiburger and Carly M. Hilinski

The Impact of Mass Incarceration on Poverty
Robert DeFina and Lance Hannon

Housing for the “Worst of the Worst” Inmates: Public Support for Supermax Prisons
Daniel P. Mears, Christina Mancini, Kevin M. Beaver, and Marc Gertz

The Timing and Accumulation of Judicial Sanctions Among Drug Court Clients
Nick McRee and Laurie A. Drapela

Exploring Inmate Reentry in a Local Jail Setting: Implications for Outreach, Service Use, and Recidivism
Michael D. White, Jessica Saunders, Christopher Fisher, and Jeff Mellow

Sexual Arousal and Self-Control: Results From a Preliminary Experimental Test of the Stability of Self-Control
Jeffrey Bouffard and Tasha Kunzi

Deterrence and Macro-Level Perceptions of Punishment Risks: Is There a “Collective Wisdom"?
Gary Kleck and J. C. Barnes

Neighborhood Disadvantage and Reliance on the Police
Lonnie M. Schaible and Lorine A. Hughes

Racial Threat, Suspicion, and Police Behavior: The Impact of Race and Place in Traffic Enforcement
Kenneth J. Novak and Mitchell B. Chamlin

The Effectiveness of Policies and Programs That Attempt to Reduce Firearm Violence: A Meta-Analysis
Matthew D. Makarios and Travis C. Pratt

The Dangerous Drug Offender in Federal Court: Intersections of Race, Ethnicity, and Culpability
Cassia Spohn and Lisa L. Sample

Contagious Fire? An Empirical Assessment of the Problem of Multi-shooter, Multi-shot Deadly Force Incidents in Police Work
Michael D. White and David Klinger

Political Culture Versus Socioeconomic Approaches to Predicting Police Strength in U.S. Police Agencies: Results of a Longitudinal Study, 1993 to 2003
Jihong Zhao, Ling Ren, and Nicholas P. Lovrich

Elder Physical Abuse and Failure to Report Cases: Similarities and Differences in Case Type and the Justice System's Response
Brian K. Payne

Causes of School Bullying: Empirical Test of a General Theory of Crime, Differential Association Theory, and General Strain Theory
Byongook Moon, Hye-Won Hwang, and John D. McCluskey

Critical Criminology

Tough-on-Crime Tolerance: The Cultural Criminalization of Bigotry in the Post-Civil Rights Era
Clara S. Lewis

Criminogenic Cyber-Capitalism: Paul Virilio, Simulation, and the Global Financial Crisis
Eric Wilson

Reentry to What? Theorizing Prisoner Reentry in the Jobless Future
Michael Hallett

Political Elites, “Broken Windows”, and the Commodification of Urban Space
Ronald Kramer

Youth Violence and Hegemonic Masculinity among Pacific Islander and Asian American Adolescents
David Tokiharu Mayeda and Lisa Pasko

Ironies of Crime, Control, and Criminology
Scott Jacques and Richard Wright

Talking Heads and Bleeding Hearts: Newsmaking, Emotion and Public Criminology in the Wake of a Sexual Assault
Michael Mopas and Dawn Moore

Out of Time: The Moral Temporality of Sex, Crime and Taboo
Sharon Hayes and Belinda Carpenter

Justice in the Democratic Republic of Congo: Practicing Corruption, Practicing Resistance?
Maritza Felices-Luna

Critical Criminology Meets Radical Constructivism
Nicolas Carrier

White-Collar Crime and Police Crime: Rotten Apples or Rotten Barrels?
Petter Gottschalk

A False Sense of Security: Moral Panic Driven Sex Offender Legislation
Mary Maguire and Jennie Kaufman Singer

A General Theories of Hate Crime? Strain, Doing Difference and Self Control
Mark Austin Walters

From Safety to Danger: Constructions of Crime in a Women’s Magazine
Delthia E. Miller and John L. McMullan

Enemies and Citizens of the State: Die Boeremag as the Face of Postapartheid Otherness
Kathryn Henne

Journal of Criminal Justice

Marked for Death: An Empirical Criminal Careers Analysis of Death Sentences in a Sample of Convicted Male Homicide Offenders
Monic P. Behnken, Jonathan W. Caudill, Mark T. Berg, Chad R. Trulson, Matt DeLisi

Social ecology, individual risk, and recidivism: A multilevel examination of main and moderating influences
Marie Skubak Tillyer, Brenda Vose

The reliability of police employee counts: Comparing FBI and ICMA data, 1954–2008
William R. King, Abdullah Cihan, Justin A. Heinonen

Patterns of criminal achievement in sexual offending: Unravelling the “successful” sex offender
Patrick Lussier, Martin Bouchard, Eric Beauregard

The genetic origins of psychopathic personality traits in adult males and females: Results from an adoption-based study
Kevin M. Beaver, Meghan W. Rowland, Joseph A. Schwartz, Joseph L. Nedelec

Motives and methods for leaving the gang: Understanding the process of gang desistance
David C. Pyrooz, Scott H. Decker

Parenthood and crime: The role of wantedness, relationships with partners, and ses
Peggy C. Giordano, Patrick M. Seffrin, Wendy D. Manning, Monica A. Longmore

Estimating the probability of local crime clusters: The impact of immediate spatial neighbors
Martin A. Andresen

Evidence of a gene × environment interaction between perceived prejudice and MAOA genotype in the prediction of criminal arrests
Joseph A. Schwartz, Kevin M. Beaver

Reintegration or stigmatization? Offenders’ expectations of community re-entry
Michael L. Benson, Leanne Fiftal Alarid, Velmer S. Burton, Francis T. Cullen

Assessing the interaction between offender and victim criminal lifestyles and homicide type
Jesenia M. Pizarro, Kristen M. Zgoba, Wesley G. Jennings

Journal of Quantitative Criminology

The Transcendence of Violence Across Relationships: New Methods for Understanding Men’s and Women’s Experiences of Intimate Partner Violence Across the Life Course
Kristin Carbone-Lopez, Callie Marie Rennison and Ross Macmillan

Integrated Theory and Crimes of Trust
Scott Menard and Robert G. Morris

Specialized Versus Versatile Intergenerational Transmission of Violence: A New Approach to Studying Intergenerational Transmission from Violent Versus Non-Violent Fathers: Latent Class Analysis
Sytske Besemer

Having a Bad Month: General Versus Specific Effects of Stress on Crime
Richard B. Felson, D. Wayne Osgood, Julie Horney and Craig Wiernik

Cycles in Crime and Economy: Leading, Lagging and Coincident Behaviors
Claudio Detotto and Edoardo Otranto

Racial Context and Crime Reporting: A Test of Black’s Stratification Hypothesis
Min Xie and Janet L. Lauritsen

Spatializing the Social Networks of Gangs to Explore Patterns of Violence
George E. Tita and Steven M. Radil

Estimating the Impact of Classification Error on the “Statistical Accuracy” of Uniform Crime Reports
James J. Nolan, Stephen M. Haas and Jessica S. Napier

A Comparison of Logistic Regression, Classification and Regression Tree, and Neural Networks Models in Predicting Violent Re-Offending
Yuan Y. Liu, Min Yang, Malcolm Ramsay, Xiao S. Li and Jeremy W. Coid

Structural Determinants of Homicide: The Big Three
Maria Tcherni

Examining the Neighborhood Context of the Violent Offending-Victimization Relationship: A Prospective Investigation
Mark T. Berg and Rolf Loeber

Spatial and Temporal Patterns of Terrorist Attacks by ETA 1970 to 2007
Gary LaFree, Laura Dugan, Min Xie and Piyusha Singh

Racial Disparity in Police Stop and Searches in England and Wales
Vani K. Borooah

Static and Dynamic Indicators of Minority Threat in Sentencing Outcomes: A Multi-Level Analysis
Cyndy Caravelis, Ted Chiricos and William Bales

Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency

The Effects of Focused Deterrence Strategies on Crime: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Empirical Evidence
Anthony A. Braga and David L. Weisburd

The Effects of Security Threats on Antecedents of Police Legitimacy: Findings from a Quasi-Experiment in Israel
Tal Jonathan-Zamir and David Weisburd

On the Operational Validity of Perceptual Peer Delinquency: Exploring Projection and Elements Contained in Perceptions
John H. Boman, IV, John M. Stogner, Bryan Lee Miller, O. Hayden Griffin, III, and Marvin D. Krohn

The Influence of Travel Distance on Treatment Noncompletion for Juvenile Offenders
Brian Lockwood

Partners in Crime? Criminal Offending, Marriage Formation, and Partner Selection
Marieke van Schellen, Anne-Rigt Poortman, and Paul Nieuwbeerta

The Social Transmission of Delinquency: Effects of Peer Attitudes and Behavior Revisited
Kim C. I. M. Megens and Frank M. Weerman

Journey to Grow: Linking Process to Outcome in Target Site Selection for Cannabis Cultivation
Martin Bouchard, Eric Beauregard, and Margaret Kalacska

Structural Covariates of Gang Homicide in Large U.S. Cities
David C. Pyrooz

White Perceptions of Whether African Americans and Hispanics are Prone to Violence and Support for the Death Penalty
James D. Unnever and Francis T. Cullen

Motor Vehicle Recovery: A Multilevel Event History Analysis of NIBRS Data
Aki Roberts

The Long-Term Effects of Paternal Imprisonment on Criminal Trajectories of Children
Marieke van de Rakt, Joseph Murray, and Paul Nieuwbeerta

Effects of First-Time Imprisonment on Postprison Mortality: A 25-Year Follow-Up Study with a Matched Control Group
Anja Dirkzwager, Paul Nieuwbeerta, and Arjan Blokland

Unsafe at Any Age: Linking Childhood and Adolescent Maltreatment to Delinquency and Crime
Joshua P. Mersky, James Topitzes, and Arthur J. Reynolds

Local Businesses as Attractors or Preventers of Neighborhood Disorder
Wouter Steenbeek, Beate Volker, Henk Flap, and Frank van Oort

The Effects of Corporation- and Industry-Level Strain and Opportunity on Corporate Crime
Xia Wang and Kristy Holtfreter

Delinquency Balance and Time Use: A Research Note
Jean Marie McGloin

The Offenders’ Perspective on Prevention : Guarding Against Victimization and Law Enforcement
Scott Jacques and Danielle M. Reynald

Alcohol Outlets and Community Levelsof Interpersonal Violence: Spatial Density, Outlet Type, and Seriousness of Assault
William Alex Pridemore and Tony H. Grubesic

Problem Behavior in the Middle School Years: An Assessment of the Social Development Model
Christopher J. Sullivan and Paul Hirschfield

Patterns of Near-Repeat Gun Assaults in Houston
William Wells, Ling Wu, and Xinyue Ye

Getting the Upper Hand: Scripts for Managing Victim Resistance in Carjackings
Heith Copes, Andy Hochstetler, and Michael Cherbonneau

The Imprisonment Penalty for Young Black and Hispanic Males: A Crime-Specific Analysis
Patricia Warren, Ted Chiricos, and William Bales

Age Matters: Race Differences in Police Searches of Young and Older Male Drivers
Richard Rosenfeld, Jeff Rojek, and Scott Decker

Revisiting Risk Sensitivity in the Fear of Crime
Jonathan Jackson

Measuring Community Risk and Protective Factors for Adolescent Problem Behaviors: Evidence from a Developing Nation
Edward R. Maguire, William Wells, and Charles M. Katz

Are Parrots CRAVED? An Analysis of Parrot Poaching in Mexico
Stephen Pires and Ronald V. Clarke

Gender Differences in Risk Factors for Violent Victimization: An Examination of Individual-, Family-, and Community-Level Predictors
Janet L. Lauritsen and Kristin Carbone-Lopez

The Conditional Effects of Race and Politics on Social Control: Black Violent Crime Arrests in Large Cities, 1970 to 1990
Thomas D. Stucky

Justice Quarterly

A Twin Study of Sex Differences in Self-Control
Danielle Boisvert, John Paul Wright, Valerie Knopik and Jamie Vaske

Results from a Multi-Site Evaluation of the G.R.E.A.T. Program
Finn-Aage Esbensen, Dana Peterson, Terrance J. Taylor and D. Wayne Osgood

Bringing Women’s Carceral Experiences into the “New Punitiveness” Fray
Candace Kruttschnitt, Anne-Marie Slotboom, Anja Dirkzwager and Catrien Bijleveld

Unemployment, Guardianship, and Weekday Residential Burglary
Stewart J. D’Alessio, David Eitle and Lisa Stolzenberg

Explaining Systematic Bias in Self-Reported Measures: Factors that Affect the Under- and Over-Reporting of Self-Reported Arrests
Marvin D. Krohn, Alan J. Lizotte, Matthew D. Phillips, Terence P. Thornberry and Kristin A. Bell

Sentencing Native Americans in US Federal Courts: An Examination of Disparity
Travis W. Franklin

Economic Development, Change of Age Distribution, and Stream Analogy of Homicide and Suicide: A Cross-National Assessment
Don Soo Chon

The Risk of Informal Socializing with Peers: Considering Gender Differences Across Predatory Delinquency and Substance Use
Megan Bears Augustyn and Jean Marie McGloin

The Pains of Imprisonment Revisited: The Impact of Strain on Inmate Recidivism
Shelley Johnson Listwan, Christopher J. Sullivan, Robert Agnew, Francis T. Cullen and Mark Colvin

Are Risky Youth Less Protectable as They Age? The Dynamics of Protection during Adolescence and Young Adulthood
Shawn D. Bushway, Marvin D. Krohn, Alan J. Lizotte, Matthew D. Phillips and Nicole M. Schmidt

Need, Connections, or Competence? Criminal Achievement among Adolescent Offenders
Holly Nguyen and Martin Bouchard

Social Correlates of Delinquency for Youth in Need of Mental Health Services: Examining the Scope Conditions of Criminological Theories
Matt Vogel and Steven F. Messner

The Importance of Ecological Context for Correctional Rehabilitation Programs: Understanding the Micro- and Macro-Level Dimensions of Successful Offender Treatment
Kevin A. Wright, Travis C. Pratt, Christopher T. Lowenkamp and Edward J. Latessa

Defending the Homeland: Judicial Sentencing Practices for Federal Immigration Offenses
Richard D. Hartley and Rob Tillyer

Thoughts on the Analysis of Group-Based Developmental Trajectories in Criminology
Robert Brame, Raymond Paternoster and Alex R. Piquero

Prison Visitation and Recidivism
Daniel P. Mears, Joshua C. Cochran, Sonja E. Siennick and William D. Bales

Correcting Community Service: From Work Crews to Community Work in a Juvenile Court
William R. Wood

A Situational Model for Distinguishing Terrorist and Non-Terrorist Aerial Hijackings, 1948–2007
Susan Fahey, Gary LaFree, Laura Dugan and Alex R. Piquero

Re-Examining the Functional Form of the Certainty Effect in Deterrence Theory
Thomas A. Loughran, Greg Pogarsky, Alex R. Piquero and Raymond Paternoster

The Neglect of Elder Neglect as a White-Collar Crime: Distinguishing Patient Neglect from Physical Abuse and the Criminal Justice System’s Response
Brian K. Payne, Anita Blowers and Daniel B. Jarvis

From the Officer’s Perspective: A Multilevel Examination of Citizens’ Demeanor during Traffic Stops
Robin S. Engel, Rob Tillyer, Charles F. Klahm IV and James Frank

Fear of Crime among Gang and Non-Gang Offenders: Comparing the Effects of Perpetration, Victimization, and Neighborhood Factors
Jodi Lane and Kathleen A. Fox

Recidivism and the Propensity to Forgo Parole Release
Michael Ostermann

Firmament or Folly? Protecting the Innocent, Promoting Capital Punishment, and the Paradoxes of Reconciliation
James R. Acker and Rose Bellandi

Exploring Sex Differences among Sentenced Juvenile Offenders in Australia
Robin Fitzgerald, Paul Mazerolle, Alex R. Piquero and Donna L. Ansara

Legislation Targeting Sex Offenders: Are Recent Policies Effective in Reducing Rape?
Alissa R. Ackerman, Meghan Sacks and David F. Greenberg

Revisiting the Use of Propensity Score Matching to Understand the Relationship between Gang Membership and Violent Victimization: A Cautionary Note
M. Murat Ozer and Robin S. Engel

Can Police Legitimacy Promote Collective Efficacy?
Tammy Rinehart Kochel

A Hero’s Welcome? Exploring the Prevalence and Problems of Military Veterans in the Arrestee Population
Michael D. White, Philip Mulvey, Andrew M. Fox and David Choate

Distinguishing Race Effects on Pre-Trial Release and Sentencing Decisions
John Wooldredge

Examining the Effects of Community-Based Sanctions on Offender Recidivism
Benjamin Steiner, Matthew D. Makarios, Lawrence F. Travis III and Benjamin Meade

Evaluating the Minnesota Comprehensive Offender Reentry Plan (MCORP): Results from a Randomized Experiment
Grant Duwe

The “Liberation” of Federal Judges' Discretion in the Wake of the Booker/Fanfan Decision: Is There Increased Disparity and Divergence between Courts?
Jeffery Ulmer, Michael T. Light and John Kramer

Pathways of Victimization and Resistance: Toward a Feminist Theory of Battered Women’s Help-Seeking
Amanda Burgess-Proctor

Offender Rehabilitation: Examining Changes in Inmate Treatment Characteristics, Program Participation, and Institutional Behavior
Alyssa Whitby Chamberlain

Conducted Energy Devices (CEDs) and Citizen Injuries: The Shocking Empirical Reality
William Terrill and Eugene A. Paoline III

Is the Nexus of Gang Membership, Exposure to Violence, and Violent Behavior a Key Determinant of First Time Gun Carrying for Urban Minority Youth?
Richard Spano and John M. Bolland

The Influence of Parole Officers’ Attitudes on Supervision Practices
Benjamin Steiner, Lawrence F. Travis III, Matthew D. Makarios and Taylor Brickley

Self-Complexity and Crime: Extending General Strain Theory
Shelley Keith Matthews

Psychological Bulletin

Sex differences in cooperation: A meta-analytic review of social dilemmas.
Balliet, Daniel; Li, Norman P.; Macfarlan, Shane J.; Van Vugt, Mark

Facial affect processing and depression susceptibility: Cognitive biases and cognitive neuroscience.
Bistricky, Steven L.; Ingram, Rick E.; Atchley, Ruth Ann

Psychological stress in childhood and susceptibility to the chronic diseases of aging: Moving toward a model of behavioral and biological mechanisms.
Miller, Gregory E.; Chen, Edith; Parker, Karen J.

A meta-analysis of the effect of cognitive bias modification on anxiety and depression.
Hallion, Lauren S.; Ruscio, Ayelet Meron

A biopsychosocial formulation of pain communication.
Hadjistavropoulos, Thomas; Craig, Kenneth D.; Duck, Steve; Cano, Annmarie; Goubert, Liesbet; Jackson, Philip L.; Mogil, Jeffrey S.; Rainville, Pierre; Sullivan, Michael J. L.; de C. Williams, Amanda C.; Vervoort, Tine; Fitzgerald, Theresa Dever

Sociological Methodology

Decomposition of inequality among groups by counterfactual modeling: an analysis of the gender wage gap in japan
Kazuo Yamaguchi

Bayesian meta-analysis of social network data via conditional uniform graph quantiles
Carter T. Butts

Accounting for misclassification bias in binary outcome measures of illness: the case of post-traumatic stress disorder in male veterans
Elizabeth Savoca

Dealing with extreme response style in cross-cultural research: a restricted latent class factor analysis approach
Meike Morren, John P.T.M. Gelissen and Jeroen K. Vermunt

Entropy-based segregation indices
Ricardo Mora and Javier Ruiz-Castillo

Biases of parameter estimates in misspecified structural equation models
Stanislav Kolenikov

A transition-oriented approach to optimal matching
Torsten Biemann

Theoretical Criminology

Dire forecast: A theoretical model of the impact of climate change on crime
Robert Agnew

Ornery alligators and soap on a rope: Texas prosecutors and punishment reform in the Lone Star State
Michael C. Campbell

The new political economy of private security
Adam White

Neutralizing sexual victimization: A typology of victims’ non-reporting accounts
Karen G. Weiss

Democracy and punishment: A radical view
Mike Rowan

Jane Jacobs’ framing of public disorder and its relation to the ‘broken windows’ theory
Prashan Ranasinghe

Theory and Society

“Sustainable consumption” as a new phase in a governmentalization of consumption
Yannick Rumpala

The sudden rise of French existentialism: a case-study in the sociology of intellectual life
Patrick Baert

The logic of social policy expansion in a neoliberal context: health insurance reform in Korea after the 1997 economic crisis
Oh-Jung Kwon

Law & Society Review 45(3)

Law & Society Review, September 2011: Volume 45, Issue 3


"No Hints, No Forecasts, No Previews": An Empirical Analysis of Supreme Court Nominee Candor from Harlan to Kagan
Dion Farganis and Justin Wedeking

Criticism of Supreme Court confirmation hearings has intensified considerably over the past two decades. In particular, there is a growing sense that nominees are now less forthcoming and that the hearings have suffered as a result. In this article, we challenge that conventional wisdom. Based on a comprehensive content analysis of every question and answer in all of the modern confirmation hearings—nearly 11,000 in total—we find only a mild decline in the candor of recent nominees. Moreover, we find that senators ask more probing questions than in the past, and that nominees are now more explicit about their reasons when they choose not to respond—two factors that may be fueling the perception that evasiveness has increased in recent years. We close with a discussion of the normative implications of our findings as well as an outline for future research into this issue.

"Humanitarian Aid Is Never a Crime": Humanitarianism and Illegality in Migrant Advocacy
Maria Lorena Cook

I analyze the case of humanitarian pro-migrant activists in southern Arizona between 2000 and 2010 to explore how contending groups wield law and legality claims in a dynamic policy environment. Humanitarian activists both evade and engage the law. They appeal to a higher law to elude charges that they are acting illegally, while seeking assurances that their actions are within the law. Law enforcement agents rely on the authority and technical neutrality of the law in redefining humanitarian aid as illegal, while expanding their own claims to carry out humanitarian work. This case study of advocacy on behalf of "illegal" migrants highlights how both activists and those who enforce the law redefine legality in strategic ways.

From Programmatic Reform to Social Science Research: The National Tax Association and the Promise and Perils of Disciplinary Encounters
Ajay K. Mehrotra and Joseph J. Thorndike

This article uses the history of the National Tax Association (NTA), the leading twentieth-century organization of tax professionals, to strengthen our empirical understanding of the disciplinary encounter between law and the social sciences. Building on existing sociolegal scholarship, this article explores how the NTA embodied tax law's ambivalent historical interaction with public economics. Since its founding in 1907, the NTA has changed dramatically from an eclectic and catholic organization of tax professionals with a high public profile to an insular, scholarly association of mainly academic public finance economists. Using a mix of quantitative and qualitative historical evidence, we contend that the transformation in the NTA's mission and output can be explained by the increasing professionalization and specialization of tax knowledge, and by the dominant role that public economics has played in shaping that knowledge. This increasing specialization allowed the NTA to secure its position as a bastion of scholarly tax research. But that achievement came at a cost to the organization's broader civic mission. This article is thus a historical account of how two competing professional disciplines—tax law and public economics—have interacted within a particular organizational field, namely the research and analysis of tax law and policy.

Politics, Prisons, and Law Enforcement: An Examination of the Emergence of "Law and Order" Politics in Texas
Michael C. Campbell

This article examines the rise of "law and order" politics in Texas, providing an in-depth archival case study of changes in prison policy in a Southern state during the pivotal period when many U.S. states turned to mass incarceration. It brings attention to the important role an insurgent Republican governor and law enforcement officials played in shaping crime policy. Law enforcement's role is considered within a broader examination of political strategy during a period of intense socioeconomic volatility. The findings suggest that within particular political contexts, especially those with low levels of political participation, law enforcement agents might play a key role in shaping punishment.

Representation through Participation: A Multilevel Analysis of Jury Deliberations
Erin York Cornwell and Valerie P. Hans

Fully participatory jury deliberations figure prominently in the idealized view of the American jury system, where balanced participation among diverse jurors leads to more accurate fact-finding and instills public confidence in the legal system. However, research more than 50 years ago indicated that jury-room interactions are shaped by social status, with upper-class men participating more than their lower-class and female counterparts. The effects of social status on juror participation have been examined only sporadically since then, and rarely with actual jurors. We utilize data from 2,189 criminal jurors serving on 302 juries in four jurisdictions to consider whether—and in what conditions—participation in jury deliberations differs across social groups. Our results indicate the continuing importance of social status in structuring jury-room interactions, but also reveal some surprising patterns with respect to race and gender that depart from earlier research. We also find that contextual factors including location, case characteristics, and faction size shape the relationship between social status and participation. We conclude with a critical discussion of our results and urge other researchers to take into account contextual factors when examining how individual juror characteristics shape what happens inside the jury room.

Turnout and Party Registration among Criminal Offenders in the 2008 General Election
Traci Burch

This paper estimates the voter registration, turnout, and party registration in the 2008 general election for men with felony convictions in Florida, Georgia, Michigan, Missouri, and North Carolina. The findings indicate that turnout among felons is much lower than previous research has shown. Ex-felon turnout in 2008 varied by state, averaging 22.2 percent. People captured and convicted for their first offense after the election voted at similarly low rates. Also contrary to the expectations of previous literature, the ex-felon population does not seem overwhelmingly Democratic. In North Carolina and Florida, two states for which the data are available, party registration varies by race. Among registered black male ex-felons, 71.7 percent in North Carolina and 84.2 percent in Florida are registered Democrats. Among whites, however, only 35.3 percent and 36.4 percent of ex-felons are registered Democrats in North Carolina and Florida, respectively.

Are Judicial Performance Evaluations Fair to Women and Minorities? A Cautionary Tale from Clark County, Nevada
Rebecca D. Gill, Sylvia R. Lazos and Mallory M. Waters

Because voters rely on judicial performance evaluations when casting their ballots, policymakers should work diligently to compile valid, reliable, and unbiased information about our sitting judges. Although some claim that judicial performance evaluations are fair, the systematic research needed to establish such a proposition has not been done. By the use of attorney judicial performance survey data from Clark County, Nevada, this analysis shows that objective measures of judicial performance cannot explain away differences in scores based on race and sex. Minority judges and female judges score consistently and significantly lower than do their white and male counterparts, all other things being equal. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that judicial performance evaluation surveys may carry with them unexamined and unconscious gender/race biases. Future research must compare judicial performance evaluation structure, content, and execution across states in order to identify those evaluation mechanisms least susceptible to unconscious gender and race bias.

Diversifying State Supreme Courts
Greg Goelzhauser

Why do some states diversify their supreme courts sooner than others? Using original data on the first black and female state supreme court justices, I contend that political and institutional pressures influence when states diversify their high courts. The results suggest that selection systems, institutions affecting turnover, and the appointment of political minorities to the United States Supreme Court are associated with states seating their first black and female justices. The findings have implications for our understanding of the political and institutional circumstances that promote judicial diversity.

Social Problems 58(3)

Social Problems, August 2011: Volume 58, Issue 3

Ecological Threat and the Founding of U.S. National Environmental Movement Organizations, 1962–1998
Erik W. Johnson, Scott Frickel

This study examines the role of "ecological threat" in shaping the U.S. environmental movement. Statistical analysis combines founding data on 772 national environmental movement organizations with ecological data on air pollution levels and amphibian and bird populations. We examine these data longitudinally, from 1962 through 1998. Net of other social, economic, and political factors suggested by social movement theory, we find evidence of segmented effects in the expected directions: Declines in wildlife populations are associated with the foundings of wildlife and wilderness protection organizations while increases in air pollution are associated with the foundings of organizations focused on ecosystem well-being and public health. These findings help refine long-held assumptions about the relationship between ecological degradation and environmental activism, and demonstrate the broader utility of the threat concept for strengthening theories of social movement mobilization.

The Founding of Environmental Justice Organizations Across U.S. Counties during the 1990s and 2000s: Civil Rights and Environmental Cross-Movement Effects
Paul B. Stretesky, Sheila Huss, Michael J. Lynch, Sammy Zahran, Bob Childs

This research expands upon organizational ecology theory to examine variations in founding of organizations in the formalized sector of the environmental justice movement across U.S. counties for two time periods (1990–1999 and 2000–2008). Cross-movement effects are examined to determine if founding is more or less likely to occur in counties where related civil rights and environmental organizations are located. Consistent with the notion of agglomeration effects, we hypothesize that during the 1990s the relationship among civil rights density, environmental density, and environmental justice founding is positive and suggests cooperative efforts. That is, environmental justice organizations should form in counties where civil rights organizations and environmental organizations exist. Because the focus of environmental justice organizations may have expanded over time and created a more competitive atmosphere, cross-movement relationships that were positive across counties during the 1990s are hypothesized to turn negative across counties during the 2000s. Multivariate analysis suggests mixed support for these hypotheses. Specifically, civil rights density is positively associated with environmental justice founding during the 1990s and negatively associated with environmental justice founding during the 2000s—suggesting potential cooperative and then competitive effects across counties over time. However, the correlations between environmental density and environmental justice founding, while positive and statistically significant during the 1990s, are not statistically significant during the 2000s. Thus, in the case of organizations in the formalized sector of the environmental and environmental justice movements it appears that there is a trend toward competitive effects even as those effects have yet to materialize.

From the Lesbian Ghetto to Ambient Community: The Perceived Costs and Benefits of Integration for Community
Japonica Brown-Saracino

Drawing on an ethnography of queer women in Ithaca, New York, this article documents the perceived costs and benefits for a minority group's ties of changing attitudes, identities, and legislation. It reveals that despite the high proportion of queer women in Ithaca most informants report disappointment with "community." However, this disappointment does not correlate with a dearth of affective local ties; queer women detail a wealth of supportive ties to heterosexual and queer neighbors. Informants' simultaneous disappointment with "community" and rich local ties emerge from: (1) a shift from identity politics and networks to emphasis on shared cultural, social, and political tastes and activities; (2) the breadth of the queer female population; and (3) queer women's successful integration into Ithaca's social, cultural, and political spheres. From informants' perspectives these conditions weaken "real" community, which they associate with homogenous place-based networks of marginalized individuals, and promote a strong sense of ambient community: feelings of belonging and connection that arise from informal, voluntary, and affective ties—largely fashioned around shared tastes and activities and predicated on a sense of safety and acceptance—forged among heterogeneous proximate individuals. Contra the prevailing expectation that place-based ties best flourish among marginalized individuals who share a dominant identity and formal institutions, the article demonstrates that when social and cultural conditions change local ties change, too—they do not simply disappear. Social and cultural shifts alter the foundation of local ties and informants' assessment thereof.

No Room for New Families? A Field Experiment Measuring Rental Discrimination against Same-Sex Couples and Single Parents
Nathanael Lauster, Adam Easterbrook

We suggest that new forms of family households, especially same-sex couples and single parents, are likely to face discrimination in their interactions with rental markets. Following the contact hypothesis, we hypothesize that the geographic distribution of discrimination is likely to vary. Specifically, in places with more new family households we are likely to find less discrimination against these households. We investigate these issues in the metropolitan area of Vancouver, Canada, through analysis of 1,669 inquiries made about one- and two-bedroom apartments. Using a field experimental design similar to audit studies, we analyze landlord responses to five different two-person household scenarios, including one heterosexual couple, two same-sex couples, and two single parents. Evidence suggests that male same-sex couples, single mothers, and single fathers all face significant discrimination relative to heterosexual couples. The contact hypothesis was supported for male same-sex couples, but not for single parents. This could indicate that single parents are facing discrimination primarily based upon their economic marginalization rather than other forms of prejudice.

Violent Crime, Mobility Decisions, and Neighborhood Racial/Ethnic Transition
John R. Hipp

Numerous studies have observed a positive cross-sectional relationship between the size of racial/ethnic minority groups and crime and posited that this relationship is entirely due to a causal effect of minorities on crime rates. We posit that at least some of this relationship might be due to the opposite effect: neighborhood crime increases the number of racial/ethnic minorities. This study employs a sample that allows nesting housing units within census tracts in a number of cities to test the effect of violent crime rates on residential mobility. We find that racial/ethnic transformation occurs due to two effects: first, white households are more likely to exit neighborhoods with higher rates of violent crime than are African American households. Second, whites are significantly less likely to move into a housing unit in a tract with more violent crime, particularly if this violent crime rate is increasing. On the other hand, African American and Latino households are more likely to enter neighborhoods with higher levels of violent crime. And Latinos are particularly likely to enter neighborhoods experiencing an increasing level of violent crime over the previous four years.

Legitimacy Management, Preservation of Exchange Relationships, and the Dissolution of the Mobilization for Global Justice Coalition
Patrick F. Gillham, Bob Edwards

Throughout much of 2001 the Mobilization for Global Justice Coalition (MGJC) planned a series of mass demonstrations targeting the World Bank and International Monetary Fund to occur in Washington, DC in late September. The terrorist attacks of September 11 created a crisis for the 117 social movement organizations (SMO) involved in the broad-based coalition and forced protest leaders to reevaluate their coalition strategy. This analysis chronicles the dissolution of the MGJC and explains the decisions made by SMO leaders to abandon or disband the coalition. By leading their organizations in ways they expected to be perceived as legitimate in the eyes of key allies and supporters, leaders sought to preserve their SMO's core exchange relationships through the 9/11 crisis. At a minimum, leaders sought to insulate their organizations from irreparable harm and position them competitively for the uncertainties of the post-crisis environment. Many organizations made decisions commensurate with homophilous or exemplary organizations in a process resembling "social contagion" while others capitalized on the crisis enhancing their influence. This research relies upon participant observations of pre- and post-9/11 organizing meetings, examination of coalition documents, and interviews with key MGJC leaders.

Cultural Modeling in Two Eras of U.S. Food Protest: Grahamites (1830s) and Organic Advocates (1960s–70s)
Jeffrey Haydu

This article extends theories of social movement diffusion to encompass other kinds of cultural modeling. Using a comparison of two cases of food protest in the United States—the health food movement of William Sylvester Graham (1830s) and the early organic movement (1960s-1970s)—I emphasize similarities in underlying grievances and in the general advocacy of natural food alternatives. The two movements differed dramatically, however, in framing and tactics. I focus on contrasts in the religious significance they assigned to diet, in their democratic commitments, in the relationship they constructed between personal transformation and social change, and in their use of state-centered strategies. These frames and tactics transposed to food reform more general scripts associated with cultural institutions and movements of the time, particularly evangelical churches and temperance (Grahamites), and environmentalism, the New Left, and the wider counterculture (organic advocates).

American Journal of Sociology 117(1)

Contingent Symbiosis and Civil Society in an Authoritarian State: Understanding the Survival of China’s Grassroots NGOs
Anthony J. Spires

In the study of civil society, Tocqueville-inspired research has helped illuminate important connections between associations and democracy, while corporatism has provided a robust framework for understanding officially approved civil society organizations in authoritarian regimes. Yet neither approach accounts for the experiences of ostensibly illegal grassroots nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) in an authoritarian state. Drawing on fieldwork in China, I argue that grassroots NGOs can survive in an authoritarian regime when the state is fragmented and when censorship keeps information local. Moreover, grassroots NGOs survive only insofar as they refrain from democratic claims-making and address social needs that might fuel grievances against the state. For its part, the state tolerates such groups as long as particular state agents can claim credit for any good works while avoiding blame for any problems. Grassroots NGOs and an authoritarian state can thus coexist in a “contingent symbiosis” that—far from pointing to an inevitable democratization—allows ostensibly illegal groups to operate openly while relieving the state of some of its social welfare obligations.

The Population Dynamics of Black-White-Mulatto Racial Systems
James D. Montgomery

Building on Preston and Campbell’s two-sex model of intergenerational transmission, this article provides a theoretical analysis of the dynamics of the racial distribution in black-white-mulatto systems. The author shows that “bounded” patterns of racial classification and switching imply long-run racial homogeneity in the absence of differential reproduction. Beyond the theoretical analysis, the author attempts to account for the dramatic growth of the white population share in Puerto Rico in the early 20th century. Because the effects of racial classification and differential reproduction were roughly offsetting, the observed growth of the white share can be attributed almost entirely to racial switching.

The Diversity-Bandwidth Trade-off
Sinan Aral, Marshall Van Alstyne

The authors propose that a trade-off between network diversity and communications bandwidth regulates access to novel information because a more diverse network structure increases novelty at a cost of reducing information flow. Received novelty then depends on whether (a) the information overlap is small enough, (b) alters’ topical knowledge is shallow enough, and (c) alters’ knowledge stocks refresh slowly enough to justify bridging structural holes. Social network and e-mail content from an executive recruiting firm show that bridging ties can actually offer less novelty for these reasons, suggesting that the strength of weak ties and structural holes depend on brokers’ information environments.

Network Position and Sexual Dysfunction: Implications of Partner Betweenness for Men
Benjamin Cornwell, Edward O. Laumann

This article combines relational perspectives on gender identity with social network structural perspectives on health to understand men's sexual functioning. The authors argue that network positions that afford independence and control over social resources are consistent with traditional masculine roles and may therefore affect men's sexual performance. For example, when a heterosexual man's female partner has more frequent contact with his confidants than he does—which the authors refer to as partner betweenness—his relational autonomy, privacy, and control are constrained. Analyses of data from the National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project (NSHAP) show that about a quarter of men experience partner betweennessa and that these men are 92% more likely to report erectile dysfunction. Partner betweenness is strongest among the youngest men in the sample, which may reflect changing conceptions of masculinity in later life. The authors consider several explanations for these findings and urge additional research on the links between health, gender, and network structure.

Social Organization, Population, and Land Use
William G. Axinn, Dirgha J. Ghimire

A new approach to investigation of human influences on the environment identifies social organization as an influence independent of population size, affluence, and technology. The framework also identifies population events, such as births, that influence the environment. The authors use longitudinal, multilevel, mixed-method measures of local land use changes, population dynamics, and social organization to test this framework. These tests reveal that changes in social organization are strongly associated with changes in land use independent of measures of population size, affluence, and technology. Also, local birth events shape local land use changes and key proximate determinants of land use change.

The End of the Gender Revolution? Gender Role Attitudes from 1977 to 2008
David Cotter, Joan M. Hermsen, Reeve Vanneman

After becoming consistently more egalitarian for more than two decades, gender role attitudes in the General Social Survey have changed little since the mid-1990s. This plateau mirrors other gender trends, suggesting a fundamental alteration in the momentum toward gender equality. While cohort replacement can explain about half of the increasing egalitarianism between 1974 and 1994, the changes since the mid-1990s are not well accounted for by cohort differences. Nor is the post-1994 stagnation explained by structural or broad ideological changes in American society. The recent lack of change in gender attitudes is more likely the consequence of the rise of a new cultural frame, an “egalitarian essentialism” that blends aspects of feminist equality and traditional motherhood roles.

American Journal of Sociology, July 2011: Volume 117, Issue 1

Sociological Theory 29(3)

The Anatomy of Network Failure
Andrew Schrank and Josh Whitford

This article develops and defends a theory of “network failure” analogous to more familiar theories of organizational and market failure already prevalent in the literature on economic governance. It theorizes those failures not as the simple absence of network governance, but rather as a situation in which transactional conditions for network desirability obtain but network governance is impeded either by ignorance or opportunism, or by a combination of the two. It depicts network failures as continuous rather than discrete outcomes, shows that they have more than one cause, and pays particular attention to two undertheorized—if not undiscovered—types of network failure (i.e., involution and contested collaboration). It thereby contributes to the development of sociology's toolkit for theorizing networks that are “neither market nor hierarchy.”

Order at the Edge of Chaos: Meanings from Netdom Switchings Across Functional Systems
Jorge Fontdevila, M. Pilar Opazo and Harrison C. White

The great German theorist Niklas Luhmann argued long ago that meaning is the central construct of sociology. We agree, but our scheme of stochastic processes—evolved over many years as identity and control—argues for switchings of intercalated bits of social network and interpretive domain (i.e., netdom switchings) as the core of meaning processes. We thus challenge Luhmann's central claim that modern society's subsystems are based on communicative self-closure. We assert that there is refuting evidence from sociolinguistics, from how languages are put together and how languages’ indexical and reflexive devices (e.g., metapragmatics, heteroglossia, genres) are used in social action. Communication is about managing indexicalities, which entail great ambiguity and openness as they are anchored in myriad netdom switchings across social times and spreads. In contrast, Luhmann's concept of communication revolves around binary codes governed recursively and algorithmically within systems in efforts to reduce complexity from the environment. We conclude that systems closure does not solve the problem of uncertainty in social life. In fact, lack of uncertainty is itself a problem. Order is necessary, but order at the edge of chaos.

The Moodiness of Action
Daniel Silver

This article argues that the concept of moodiness provides significant resources for developing a more robust pragmatist theory of action. Building on current conceptualizations of agency as effort by relational sociologists, it turns to the early work of Talcott Parsons to outline the theoretical presuppositions and antinomies endemic to any such conception; William James and John Dewey provide an alternative conception of effort as a contingent rather than fundamental form of agency. The article then proposes a way forward to a nonvoluntarist theory of action by introducing the notion of moodiness, highlighting how the concept permits a richer conceptualization of actors’ prereflexive involvement in and relatedness to nonneutral, demanding situations. Effort is reconceptualized as a moment in a broader process of action, where the mood is fragile and problematical. Finally, the article draws all of these elements together in an outline of a unified portrait of the pragmatist action cycle that includes both creativity and moodiness as essential moments.

Sociological Theory, September 2011: Volume 29, Issue 3

Social Psychology Quarterly 74(3)

Playing the (Sexual) Field: The Interactional Basis of Systems of Sexual Stratification
Adam Isaiah Green

Do Others’ Views of Us Transfer to New Groups and Tasks?: An Expectation States Approach
Will Kalkhoff, C. Wesley Younts, and Lisa Troyer

Spoiled Group Identities and Backstage Work: A Theory of Stigma Management Rehearsals
John O’Brien

Being in “Bad” Company: Power Dependence and Status in Adolescent Susceptibility to Peer Influence
Robert Vargas



Social Psychology Quarterly, September 2011: Volume 74, Issue 3

Social Psychology Quarterly 74(2)

Dual Identity as a Two-Edged Sword: Identity Threat and Minority School Performance
Gülseli Baysu, Karen Phalet, and Rupert Brown

Stigma, Reflected Appraisals, and Recovery Outcomes in Mental Illness
Fred E. Markowitz, Beth Angell, and Jan S. Greenberg

Intergroup Conflict in Russia: Testing the Group Position Model
Anca Minescu and Edwin Poppe

The Moral Self: Applying Identity Theory
Jan E. Stets and Michael J. Carter

Designing the Recipient: Managing Advice Resistance in Institutional Settings
Alexa Hepburn and Jonathan Potter


Social Psychology Quarterly, June 2011: Volume 74, Issue 2

Resuming Regular Updates

Now that summer is over, I'll be providing more timely updates. Thanks for your patience.

Theory and Society 40(5)

States, regimes, and decisions: why Jews were expelled from Medieval England and France
Karen Barkey and Ira Katznelson

Science and neoliberal globalization: a political sociological approach
Kelly Moore, Daniel Lee Kleinman, David Hess and Scott Frickel

Towards a more pragmatic sociology of markets
Christine Overdevest

Beyond dialogue and antagonism: a Bakhtinian perspective on the controversy in political theory
Leszek Koczanowicz

Clientelism and conceptual stretching: differentiating among concepts and among analytical levels
Tina Hilgers

Theory and Society, September 2011: Volume 40, Issue 5

British Journal of Criminology 51(5)

Poverty Matters: A Reassessment of the Inequality–Homicide Relationship in Cross-National Studies
William Alex Pridemore

Dozens of cross-national studies of homicide have been published. Virtually all have reported an association between inequality and homicide, leading scholars to draw strong conclusions about this relationship. Unfortunately, each of these studies failed to control for poverty, even though poverty is the most consistent predictor of area homicide rates in the US empirical literature and a main confounder of the inequality–homicide association. The cross-national findings are also incongruent with US studies, which have yielded inconsistent results for the inequality–homicide association. In the present study, I replicated two prior studies in which a significant inequality–homicide association was found. After the original results were replicated, models that included a measure of poverty were estimated to see whether its inclusion had an impact on the inequality–homicide association. When effects for poverty and inequality were estimated in the same model, there was a positive and significant poverty–homicide association, while the inequality–homicide association disappeared in two of three models. These findings were consistent across different samples, data years, measures of inequality, dependent variables (overall and sex-specific homicide rates) and estimation procedures. The new results are congruent with what we know about poverty, inequality and homicide from the US empirical literature and suggest that the strong conclusions drawn about the inequality–homicide association may need to be reassessed, as the association may be a spurious result of model misspecification.

‘The Best Drivers in the World’: Drink-Driving and Risk Assessment
Lars Fynbo and Margaretha Järvinen

The paper analyses risk behaviour as described by a group of convicted drink-drivers. Risk assessment is seen as a part of a complicated process reflecting moral values in specific socio-cultural settings and within a specific framework of time. The respondents’ retrospective accounts of their drink-driving are interpreted as part of moral identity negotiations, focusing on four dimensions: drink-driving as non-voluntary behaviour, drink-driving as strategic behaviour, drink-driving and control, and drink-driving and ‘normalcy’. Central to these negotiations is the fact that many respondents come from social environments (be that friend groups or workmate groups) where drink-driving is common and that they therefore do not regard—or did not regard—drink-driving as deviant behaviour.

The Specific Deterrent Effect of Higher Fines on Drink-Driving Offenders
Don Weatherburn and Steve Moffatt

Fines are an extremely common sanction in most Western countries and, in some countries, have become an important source of government revenue. Despite this, the deterrent effectiveness of high fines has received little research attention. This article reports the results of a two-stage least-squares analysis of the specific deterrent effect of high fines on drink-driving offenders in NSW, Australia, in which judicial severity served as the instrumental variable. Despite substantial variation in the fines imposed by magistrates on drink-drivers, no significant deterrent effect from higher fines was found. Various explanations for the failure to observe a deterrent effect are discussed.

A Soundtrack to (illegal) Entrepreneurship: Pirated CD/DVD Selling in a Greek Provincial City
Georgios A. Antonopoulos, Dick Hobbs, and Rob Hornsby

This paper—by using the pirated CD/DVD market in a provincial city in Greece as a case study—will attempt to show how alien conspiracy theory has permeated the understanding of ‘organized crime’ and how the concept serves to enforce racism and, in particular, the treatment of diasporic communities. The paper will then proceed to interrogate the concept in the context of the local operation of this market in tandem with various legitimate interests and how, despite the exhortations of powerful commercial forces, it is tolerated.

Homicide Through A Different Lens
Patrice K. Morris and Adam Graycar

Homicide rates vary across modern societies, yet most scholarly works on homicide are based on studies in developed countries, although, in less developed countries, homicide rates are higher. Homicide is multidimensional and its related social causes and prevalence differ across cultures. In low-homicide countries, most homicides occur as a result of either criminal activity or personal relationship difficulties. This paper highlights that, in one developing country—Jamaica—a different pattern is more common. High homicide rates are connected with partisan politics and neighbourhood social organization. The argument is that neighbourhood social and political factors drive high homicide rates in urban Jamaica.

Exploring the Impact of Arson-Reduction Strategies: Panel Data Evidence from England
Rhys Andrews

In 2001, the UK government funded the introduction of a series of targeted situational preventive schemes and multi-agency partnerships to reduce deliberate fire-setting in vehicles. This paper explores the impact of these alternative arson-reduction strategies on vehicle arson in the areas served by fire authorities in England utilizing panel data for an eight-year period (1999–2006). The statistical results suggest that both forms of intervention have been successful in reducing vehicle arson, and that higher input intensity is also responsible for better outcomes. Theoretical and practical implications of the findings are discussed.

Escaping the Family Tradition: A Multi-Generation Study of Occupational Status and Criminal Behaviour
Anke A.T. Ramakers, Catrien Bijleveld, and Stijn Ruiter

This paper investigates the intersection of two types of reproduction over generations: the transmission of offending and of occupational status. According to Farrington's (2002) risk factor mechanism, the effect of parental offending on offspring offending should decrease when the intergenerational transmission of occupational status is taken into account. To test this mechanism, we use a longitudinal prospective multi-generation research design, containing data from the Netherlands on offending and occupational status during the twentieth century. Results show that a substantial part of the intergenerational association in offending is indeed mediated by risk factors such as low occupational status and, especially, low educational attainment.

British Journal of Criminology, September 2011: Volume 51, Issue 5

Theoretical Criminology 15(3)

Theorizing surveillance in crime control
Kevin D. Haggerty, Dean Wilson, and Gavin J.D. Smith

Surveillance is conventionally perceived as a key component of the crime control apparatus. This editors’ introduction to a Special Issue of Theoretical Criminology on ‘Theorizing Surveillance in Crime Control’ outlines both the need for new theorizing on surveillance and some of the difficulties in doing so. It also introduces the seven pieces in the Special Issue.

Surveillance and violence from afar: The politics of drones and liminal security-scapes
Tyler Wall and Torin Monahan

As surveillance and military devices, drones—or ‘unmanned aerial vehicles’—offer a prism for theorizing the technological politics of warfare and governance. This prism reveals some violent articulations of US imperialism and nationalism, the dehumanizing translation of bodies into ‘targets’ for remote monitoring and destruction, and the insidious application of militarized systems and rationalities to domestic territories and populations. In this article, we analyze the deployment of drones within warzones in Afghanistan, Iraq, and Pakistan and borderzones and urban areas in the USA. What we call ‘the drone stare’ is a type of surveillance that abstracts people from contexts, thereby reducing variation, difference, and noise that may impede action or introduce moral ambiguity. Through these processes, drones further normalize the ongoing subjugation of those marked as Other.

The benevolent watch: Therapeutic surveillance in drug treatment court
Dawn Moore

This article offers an alternative to the traditional, technocentric and control oriented focus of surveillance studies. Drawing on field work in drug treatment courts (DTCs), I theorize the notion of ‘therapeutic surveillance’ as a seemingly benevolent form of monitoring which also troubles the ‘care/control’ dichotomy familiar to surveillance studies and social theory more generally. I look specifically at the roles of judges, treatment workers and DTC participants in constituting a surveillant assemblage which relies on personal relationships, intimate knowledge and pastoral care. I suggest that surveillance studies can move beyond the panopticon by recognizing the varied ways in which surveillance takes place. These strategies can include benevolent acts and intentions alongside (and sometimes coterminous with) coercive manoeuvres.

Hijackers and humble servants: Individuals as camwitnesses in contemporary controlwork
Hille Koskela

This article examines the relationships between the authorities of surveillance and the public. Four ‘modalities of surveillance’ are used as a contextual framework to describe different relationships and to demonstrate that they can be bidirectional as well as unidirectional. In contemporary surveillance there is a dialogue between traditional surveillance and counter-surveillance which is targeted against the authorities. Yet, surveillance also contains performative practices and incidental witnessing in which the authorities play no role. The latest development involves responsibilizing the public, as citizens are encouraged to participate in gathering evidence for crime control. The article shows how the mutual correlations between surveillance, crime and evidence are constantly transforming.

Revisiting the synopticon: Reconsidering Mathiesen’s ‘The Viewer Society’ in the age of Web 2.0
Aaron Doyle

Thomas Mathiesen’s ‘The Viewer Society’ has been widely influential. Mathiesen posited, alongside the panopticon, a reciprocal system of control, the synopticon, in which ‘the many’ watch ‘the few’. I point to the value of Mathiesen’s arguments but also suggest a reconsideration. I consider where recent challenges to theorizing surveillance as panoptic leave the synopticon. The synopticon is tied to a top—down, instrumental way of theorizing the media. It neglects resistance, alternative currents in media production and reception, the role of culture and the increasing centrality of the internet. Mathiesen’s piece is most useful in a narrower way, in highlighting how surveillance and the mass media interact, rather than in thinking about the role of the media in control more generally.

Counterveillance: How Foucault and the Groupe d’Information sur les Prisons reversed the optics
Michael Welch

The analysis herein considers the dynamics of panopticism by developing further the concept of counter-surveillance—or counterveillance—whereby prison officials rather than the prisoners become the target of unwanted attention. While maintaining an interest in panoptic as well as synoptic theory, the article describes two counterveillant tactics deployed by Foucault and the Groupe d’Information sur les Prisons (GIP) in France during the 1970s. First, the GIP turned the prison inside out, in a manner of speaking, so as to publicly expose the harsh conditions of confinement. Second, the group set out to watch the watchers in an effort to hold certain prison administrators accountable for their unjust policies and practices. Implications of optical activism aimed at improving transparency in penal operations also are discussed alongside the limits of such protest.

The use of surveillance cameras in a Riyadh shopping mall: Protecting profits or protecting morality?
Ibrahim Alhadar and Michael McCahill

The rise of mass private property means that people increasingly spend their time in publicly accessible spaces controlled by private interests. Unlike public policing, which is reactive and morally toned, the policing that takes place in mass private property tends to be proactive and instrumental and utilizes new surveillance technologies (such as surveillance cameras) not to punish deviants, but to create and sustain the flow of profit. However, much of the literature on this topic has focused on the emergence of private policing in western industrial societies. In contrast, this study draws upon interviews and observational research conducted in the surveillance camera control room of a shopping mall in Riyadh (the capital City of Saudi Arabia) to show how private policing and the use of new surveillance technologies are shaped by existing social relations and cultural traditions. In this setting we argue that new surveillance technologies are used not only to protect profit, but to protect public morality. We discuss the significance of our empirical findings for broader theoretical debates on surveillance, gender and resistance.

‘Crimmigrant’ bodies and bona fide travelers: Surveillance, citizenship and global governance
Katja Franko Aas

The article explores the nature of surveillance and crime control as they enter the sphere of global governance. Taking the European Union (EU) as a point of departure, it examines the relationship between surveillance and sovereignty, and looks more broadly at the role that transnational surveillance and crime control play in constructing a particular type of globally divided polity. Transnational surveillance practices are increasingly addressing a public which is no longer defined exclusively as the citizenry of the nation state, nor are all European citizens entitled to the privileges of such citizenship. Through the notions of bona fide global citizens and ‘crimmigrant’ others the article details how the seeming universality of citizenship is punctuated by novel categories of globally included and excluded populations, thus revealing the inadequacy of the traditional liberal language of citizenship as the springboard for articulating a critical discourse of rights.

Theoretical Criminology, August 2011: Volume 15, Issue 3

Critical Criminology 19(3)

Structuration Theory and Wrongful Imprisonment: From ‘Victimhood’ to ‘Survivorship’?
Gabe Tan

Building on existing research from a zemiological approach, this article seeks to contribute to a more ontological understanding of the production and reproduction of harms associated with wrongful imprisonment in England and Wales. Drawing from Anthony Giddens’s theory of structuration, it is argued that whilst the harms of wrongful imprisonment are both complex and devastating, victims need not be perceived as entirely passive. Rather, victims of wrongful imprisonment can be viewed as knowledgeable agents with the intrinsic capacity and agency to strategically cope with and even survive the harms that they experience. The article concludes with personal accounts by victims of wrongful imprisonment that form an identifiable ‘survivor’ discourse to highlight some of the key critical factors that are vital in helping victims of wrongful imprisonment to re-structure their lives after release.

Cultural Criminology: An Invitation… to What?
Dale Spencer

Since the mid 1990s, a strand of criminology emerged that is concerned with the co-constitution of crime and culture under the general rubric of ‘cultural criminology’. In the titles Cultural Criminology Unleashed and Cultural Criminology: An Invitation, criminologists spearheading this brand of criminology make claims for its originality and its status as a subversive alternative to conventional criminological approaches to studies of crime and deviance. The basis for the ‘new’ cultural criminology is its ostensible ability to account for the culture and subcultures of crime, the criminalization of cultural and subcultural activities, and the politics of criminalization. This paper offers a comparison of cultural criminology to 1960s and 1970s labeling theory to assess whether or not cultural criminology has developed a grammar of critique capable of resolving fundamental contradictions that haunt critical criminology and contesting contemporary administrative criminology. Points of comparison are made through ontological categories of power and criminal identity and a consideration of the epistemological categories of the respective bodies of literature.

OxyContin and a Regulation Deficiency of the Pharmaceutical Industry: Rethinking State-Corporate Crime
O. Hayden Griffin & Bryan Lee Miller

On May 10, 2007, three executives of the pharmaceutical company Purdue Pharma pled guilty in federal court to misleading doctors and patients about the risk of addiction and potential for abuse of OxyContin. Additionally, Purdue Pharma paid over $600 million in fines and other payments to the United States government and the Commonwealth of Virginia. The drug OxyContin was first introduced to the market in December of 1995. Warning signs of the drug’s potential for abuse were almost immediate, and there were reports of copious amounts of the drug being diverted into the black market for recreational use. In some cases, criminologists have argued that if the government fails to protect its citizens from the harm of a corporation then such behavior should be considered state-corporate crime. We critically evaluate the case of OxyContin to see if it falls under the state-corporate crime paradigm. Further, we argue the state-corporate crime paradigm can benefit from an increased focus on the organizational structures of regulation agencies.

How an Elite-Engineered Moral Panic Led to the U.S. War on Iraq
Scott A. Bonn

Critics argue that the G.W. Bush administration deliberately misled the U.S. public about an Iraqi threat after 9/11 but empirical evidence that presidential deception influenced public support for war has been lacking. An examination of presidential rhetoric concerning Iraq in the U.S. media revealed that it changed in tone after 9/11, consistent with moral panic processes. Logistic regression analysis of public opinion leading up to the war revealed that shifts in support for invasion directly mirrored presidential rhetoric. The findings of this study suggest that the Bush administration engineered a moral panic over Iraq with the support of the media.

Criminology and Human-Animal Violence Research: The Contribution and the Challenge
Nik Taylor

Using theories concerning human-animal abuse links this paper assesses the role(s) that criminology can play in understanding human-animal relationships. That this is not a one-way process of knowledge transferral is acknowledged with analysis of the contribution that human-animal studies can offer in return. Following a brief outline of human-animal abuse theses the contributions that criminology can play in furthering understandings of, and informing responses to, this phenomenon are discussed. A critique of mainstream approaches towards human-animal abuse links, namely, their conceptualization of animals as tools, is then outlined. The argument that anthropocentric approaches to the study of interhuman violence actually reinforce the forms of oppression which create and maintain such forms of violence in the first place, is then developed. The author concludes that the incorporation of human-animal relationships into criminology offers something in return, i.e. an opportunity to re-think the modernist foundations upon which (traditional) criminology is built.

Critical Criminology, September 2011: Volume 19, Issue 3

Crime & Delinquency 57(5)

How Justice System Officials View Wrongful Convictions
Brad Smith, Marvin Zalman, and Angie Kiger

The wrongful conviction of factually innocent people is a growing concern within the United States. Reforms generated by this concern are predicated in part on the views of justice system participants. The authors surveyed judges, police officials, prosecutors, and defense lawyers in Michigan regarding their views of why wrongful convictions occur. The findings reveal that all groups acknowledge error and inaccuracy among justice system participants. In general, police and prosecutors believe that error levels are lowest, judges estimate higher error levels, and defense attorneys rank errors higher than other respondents. A majority of police, prosecutors, and judges believe that wrongful convictions do not occur with sufficient frequency to warrant system reforms, whereas a majority of defense attorneys believe that procedural changes are warranted. The findings reveal distinct occupational perspectives in respondents’ attitudes concerning wrongful conviction.

Parole? Nope, Not for Me: Voluntarily Maxing Out of Prison
Michael Ostermann

This study addresses the phenomenon of inmates voluntarily forgoing parole supervision and opting to remain in prison until the maximum expiration of their sentence. The research was conducted to inform public policy makers about the potential repercussions of this decision-making process and to help guide future policy and legislative proposals that would target this group of inmates. Bivariate and multivariate analyses are used to explore characteristics of this population with regard to postrelease recidivism and prerelease indicators of recidivism. A 2005 group of voluntary max outs are contrasted with those who are forced to max out due to continual parole denial as well as those who are released to parole supervision. All offenders were released in the state of New Jersey. Although several between-group differences were apparent between both max out groups and the parole group at a bivariate level, differences between the two max out groups were far less pronounced. Multivariate Cox regression models indicated that, after controlling for pertinent predictor variables, the likelihood of experiencing a new arrest and/or incarceration after release did not significantly differ according to group membership. Findings suggest that parole boards that make decisions in discretionary release systems should more closely analyze the release opportunities that already present themselves to their agencies but are not capitalized on. Because those who are forced to max through continual denial of parole demonstrated such similar prerelease characteristics to the voluntary max out group, it is unlikely that many who would have otherwise voluntarily maxed their sentence would be paroled if the ability to make this decision were taken away.

Institutional Misconduct, Delinquent Background, and Rearrest Frequency Among Serious and Violent Delinquent Offenders
Chad R. Trulson, Matt DeLisi, and James W. Marquart

This study examines the relationship of institutional misconduct to postrelease rearrest, controlling for a battery of preincarceration variables typically found to influence recidivism among institutionalized delinquent offenders. Based on data from 1,804 serious and violent male delinquents released from a large southern juvenile correctional system, this research found limited support for institutional misconduct as a determinant of recidivism. Of all measures of misconduct, only the rate of total misconduct infractions was related to postrelease rearrest, and this effect was generally small and found only in the rearrest frequency model, not the dichotomous rearrest model. Implications for research and practice are explored.

Repeat Offending and Repeat Victimization: Assessing Similarities and Differences in Psychosocial Risk Factors
Abigail A. Fagan and Paul Mazerolle

The overlap between victims and offenders is increasingly being recognized, with mounting evidence that victims and offenders have similar demographic characteristics, that victimization increases the likelihood of offending, and that offenders are at high risk for becoming victims of crime. Despite this evidence, there is limited research regarding the extent to which repeat victims are likely to be repeat offenders, and few studies have assessed whether predictors of repeat victimization and repeat offending are similar. Using data from a longitudinal study of young people in Brisbane, Australia, this study demonstrates that despite some overlap, there are some important differences in predictors of repeat offenders and repeat victims.

Disregarding Graduated Treatment: Why Transfer Aggravates Recidivism
Kristin Johnson, Lonn Lanza-Kaduce, and Jennifer Woolard

These data merge correctional histories with official state and courthouse information for a sample of teenage offenders, some of whom had been transferred to the adult system. Previous research indicated that transfer aggravates recidivism after the age of 18. The correctional data allow the examination of the relationship between sanctions and recidivism for repeat offenders. The authors explored whether repeat offenders who received graduated sanctions had lower recidivism after age 18 than those who leapfrogged over graduated sanctions. Transfer often involves leapfrogging over treatment options; sometimes it leads to secure placement in adult facilities but sometimes it results in adult probation. Within the juvenile justice system, some repeat offenders jump over intermediate interventions to deep-end placements. Graduated sanctions lead to less recidivism. When measures of graduated sanctions are included in multivariate analyses, transfer no longer predicts recidivism.

How Long After? A Natural Experiment Assessing the Impact of the Length of Aftercare Service Delivery on Recidivism
Megan C. Kurlychek, Andrew P. Wheeler, Leigh A. Tinik, and Cynthia A. Kempinen

Although aftercare programs have been gaining popularity as a mechanism for helping offenders readjust to society, evaluations of their success remain varied. This is most likely due to the diversity of programs labeled as aftercare and the inability of research to isolate specific program components. The current study capitalizes on a natural experiment to examine the impact of one particular component, length of service delivery, on recidivism. The study employs survival analysis techniques on a population of inmates graduating from a motivational boot camp who either received no aftercare, 30 days of aftercare, or 90 days of aftercare (depending on the existing policy on their graduation date). Findings show that those receiving 30 days of aftercare services are indistinguishable from those receiving no aftercare services in terms of recidivism. Also, we find that although those receiving 90 days of aftercare did recidivate substantially less than those receiving 0 or 30 days of aftercare, after accounting for sample attrition, however, these findings also lacked statistical significance.

Confronting Delinquency: Probations Officers’ Use of Coercion and Client-Centered Tactics to Foster Youth Compliance
Craig S. Schwalbe and Tina Maschi

Youthful compliance with juvenile court mandates is a cornerstone of effective probation practice. Despite this, research has not examined probation strategies for encouraging and enforcing youthful compliance with probation conditions. This study describes the use of confrontational tactics and client-centered approaches reported by probation officers in their supervision of delinquent youths. The study was conducted with data from a Web-based survey of probation (N = 308). Results indicate that officers balanced confrontational approaches with client-centered approaches. Officers employed confrontational tactics more frequently than client-centered strategies for youths with substance use problems, with younger youths, and with African American females. Alternatively, officers reported more client-centered approaches with females who had higher histories of prior service utilization and with youths who were perceived by officers to be honest. These findings open new avenues for research on the effectiveness of confrontation and client-centered approaches toward an evidence base for effective probation practice.

Crime & Delinquency, September 2011: Volume 57, Issue 5

Criminology 49(3)

Spreading The Wealth: The Effect Of The Distribution Of Income And Race/Ethnicity Across Households And Neighborhoods On City Crime Trajectories
John R. Hipp

This study tests the effect of the composition and distribution of economic resources and race/ethnicity in cities, as well as how they are geographically distributed within these cities, on crime rates during a 30-year period. Using data on 352 cities from 1970 to 2000 in metropolitan areas that experienced a large growth in population after World War II, this study theorizes that the effect of racial/ethnic or economic segregation on crime is stronger in cities in which race/ethnicity or income are more salient (because of greater heterogeneity or inequality). We test and find that higher levels of segregation in cities with high levels of racial/ethnic heterogeneity lead to particularly high overall levels of the types of crime studied here (aggravated assaults, robberies, burglaries, and motor vehicle thefts). Similarly, higher levels of economic segregation lead to much higher levels of crime in cities with higher levels of inequality.

Testing A Bayesian Learning Theory Of Deterrence Among Serious Juvenile Offenders
Shamena Anwar and Thomas A. Loughran

The effect of criminal experience on risk perceptions is of central importance to deterrence theory but has been vastly understudied. This article develops a realistic Bayesian learning model of how individuals will update their risk perceptions over time in response to the signals they receive during their offending experiences. This model implies a simple function that we estimate to determine the deterrent effect of an arrest. We find that an individual who commits one crime and is arrested will increase his or her perceived probability of being caught by 6.3 percent compared with if he or she had not been arrested. We also find evidence that the more informative the signal received by an individual is, the more he or she will respond to it, which is consistent with more experienced offenders responding less to an arrest than less experienced offenders do. Parsing our results out by type of crime indicates that an individual who is arrested for an aggressive crime will increase both his or her aggressive crime risk perception as well as his or her income-generating crime risk perception, although the magnitude of the former may be slightly larger. This implies that risk perception updating, and thus potentially deterrence, may be partially, although not completely, crime specific.

The Cultural Context Of Adolescent Drinking And Violence In 30 European Countries
Richard B. Felson, Jukka Savolainen, Thoroddur Bjarnason, Amy L. Anderson and I. Tusty Zohra

Cross-national variation in the effect of alcohol on adolescent violence is examined with survey data from 30 European countries. The data are analyzed using a method that makes it possible to isolate the nonspurious portion of the alcohol–violence relationship in different countries. In addition, multilevel models are used to estimate the effects of region and contextual measures of adolescent drinking on the alcohol–violence relationship. The evidence suggests that drinking has a strong effect on adolescent violence in the Nordic and Eastern European countries but has little or no effect in the Mediterranean countries. In the Mediterranean countries, where adolescents drink frequently but in moderation, the relationship between alcohol use and violence is almost entirely spurious. Findings suggest that the observed pattern is due to regional differences in the tendency for adolescents and their peers to drink to intoxication, as well as in their tendency to become intoxicated in settings where adult guardianship is absent.

Informal Control And Illicit Drug Trade
Scott Jacques and Richard Wright

Antidrug legislation and enforcement are meant to reduce the trade in illegal drugs by increasing their price. Yet the unintended consequence is an increase in informal control—including retaliation, negotiation, avoidance, and toleration—among drug users and dealers. Little existing theory or research has explored the connections between informal control and drug trading. This article uses the rational choice and opportunity perspectives to explore the question: How and why does the frequency and seriousness of popular justice—as a whole or for each form—affect the price and rate of drug sales? The proposed theory is grounded on and illustrated with qualitative data obtained from drug dealers. This article concludes by discussing the scholarly and policy implications.

Predicting The Violent Offender:The Discriminant Validity Of The Subculture Of Violence
Jean Marie Mcgloin, Christopher J. Schreck, Eric A. Stewart and Graham C. Ousey

This study tests the extent to which an adherence to the subculture of violence uniquely predicts a tendency to favor violence or instead predicts a more generalized offending repertoire, of which violence is part. Specifically, we use a unique analytic technique that provides the opportunity to distinguish empirically between the “violent offender” and/or the “frequent offender.” The results suggest that holding values favorable toward violence consistently predicts general offending but do not identify youth who systematically favor violence over nonviolence. This discussion considers the impact of these findings for the continued utility of the subculture of violence perspective.

The Philadelphia Foot Patrol Experiment: A Randomized Controlled Trial Of Police Patrol Effectiveness In Violent Crime Hotspots
Jerry H. Ratcliffe, Travis Taniguchi, Elizabeth R. Groff and Jennifer D. Wood

Originating with the Newark, NJ, foot patrol experiment, research has found police foot patrols improve community perception of the police and reduce fear of crime, but they are generally unable to reduce the incidence of crime. Previous tests of foot patrol have, however, suffered from statistical and measurement issues and have not fully explored the potential dynamics of deterrence within microspatial settings. In this article, we report on the efforts of more than 200 foot patrol officers during the summer of 2009 in Philadelphia. Geographic information systems (GIS) analysis was the basis for a randomized controlled trial of police effectiveness across 60 violent crime hotspots. The results identified a significant reduction in the level of treatment area violent crime after 12 weeks. A linear regression model with separate slopes fitted for treatment and control groups clarified the relationship even more. Even after accounting for natural regression to the mean, target areas in the top 40 percent on pretreatment violent crime counts had significantly less violent crime during the operational period. Target areas outperformed the control sites by 23 percent, resulting in a total net effect (once displacement was considered) of 53 violent crimes prevented. The results suggest that targeted foot patrols in violent crime hotspots can significantly reduce violent crime levels as long as a threshold level of violence exists initially. The findings contribute to a growing body of evidence on the contribution of hotspots and place-based policing to the reduction of crime, and especially violent crime, which is a significant public health threat in the United States. We suggest that intensive foot patrol efforts in violent hotspots may achieve deterrence at a microspatial level, primarily by increasing the certainty of disruption, apprehension, and arrest. The theoretical and practical implications for violence reduction are discussed.

A Longitudinal Test Of Social Disorganization Theory: Feedback Effects Among Cohesion, Social Control, And Disorder
Wouter Steenbeek and John R. Hipp

Social disorganization theory holds that neighborhoods with greater residential stability, higher socioeconomic status, and more ethnic homogeneity experience less disorder because these neighborhoods have higher social cohesion and exercise more social control. Recent extensions of the theory argue that disorder in turn affects these structural characteristics and mechanisms. Using a data set on 74 neighborhoods in the city of Utrecht in the Netherlands spanning 10 years, we tested the extended theory, which to date only a few studies have been able to do because of the unavailability of neighborhood-level longitudinal data. We also improve on previous studies by distinguishing between the potential for social control (feelings of responsibility) and the actual social control behavior. Cross-sectional analyses replicate earlier findings, but the results of longitudinal cross-lagged models suggest that disorder has large consequences for subsequent levels of social control and residential instability, thus leading to more disorder. This is in contrast to most previous studies, which assume disorder to be more a consequence than a cause. This study underlines the importance of longitudinal data, allowing for simultaneously testing the causes and consequences of disorder, as well as the importance of breaking down social control into the two dimensions of the potential for social control and the actual social control behavior.

Neighborhood Context And Nonlinear Peer Effects On Adolescent Violent Crime
Gregory M. Zimmerman and Steven F. Messner

Although evidence of the strong correlation between deviant behavior and exposure to deviant peers is overwhelming, researchers have yet to investigate whether a nonlinear functional form better captures this relationship than does a linear form. Researchers also have yet to examine the extent to which peer effects vary as a function of the neighborhood context. To address these issues, we use data from the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods (PHDCN) to examine 1) the functional form of the relationship between peer violence exposure and self-reported violent crime and 2) the extent to which the effect of exposure to violent peers on violence is ecologically structured. Estimates from logistic hierarchical models indicate that the effect of peer violence exposure on violent crime decreases at higher values of peer violence, as reflected in a nonlinear relationship (expressed in terms of log-odds). Furthermore, exposure to violent peers increases along with neighborhood disadvantage, and the effect of peer violence exposure on violent crime is attenuated as neighborhood disadvantage increases, which is reflected in a cross-level peer violence/disadvantage interaction.

Research Note: The Utility Of The Deviant Case In The Development Of Criminological Theory
Christopher J. Sullivan

This article asserts that the deviant case method offers a potential avenue for enhancing theory directed at explaining crime by using more available information to better connect the process of analyzing cases with that of explanatory refinement and elaboration. This approach has facilitated theoretical development in other social sciences and has proven useful where applied in criminological inquiry. Extant research is reviewed, and an empirical example is presented to demonstrate how this approach might be operationalized in criminological inquiry using quantitative methods. Conclusions relevant to future research are considered.

Criminology, August 2011: Volume 49, Issue 3

Journal of Quantitative Criminology 27(3)

How Do They ‘End Up Together’? A Social Network Analysis of Self-Control, Homophily, and Adolescent Relationships
Jacob T. N. Young

Self-control theory (Gottfredson and Hirschi 1990) argues that individuals with similar attributes tend to ‘end up together’ (i.e., homophily) because of the tendency to select friends based on self-control. Studies documenting homophily in peer groups interpret the correlation between self-control, peer delinquency, and self-reported delinquency as evidence that self-control is an influential factor in friendship formation. However, past studies are limited because they do not directly test the hypothesis that self-control influences friendship selection, nor do they account for other mechanisms that may influence decisions. As a result, it is unclear whether the correlation between individual and peer behavior is the result of selection based on self-control or alternative mechanisms. To address this gap in the literature this study employs exponential random graph modeling to test hypotheses derived from self-control theory using approximately 63,000 respondents from 59 schools from the National Longitudinal Survey of Adolescent Health (Add Health). In contrast to the predictions made by Gottfredson and Hirschi (1990), and the conclusions drawn from prior research, there is little evidence that self-control influences friendship selection. The findings are embedded in past work on the relationship between self-control and peer relationships, and implications for future research are discussed.

The Distribution of Police Protection
David Thacher

This paper investigates the distribution of police protection in the United States by race and class. By examining police employment and demographic data for every general-service police jurisdiction in the US, I find that poor and heavily-nonwhite jurisdictions employ far fewer officers per crime than wealthy and white jurisdictions do. That finding contrasts with an older body of literature on the distribution of police protection, which examined the distribution of police resources across neighborhoods within individual cities and found little inequality. I also find that inequality in police protection has grown since 1970—a finding that contrasts with the increasingly equal distribution of resources for education, the other major claim on local government revenues—largely because criminal victimization became more concentrated in disadvantaged communities. (In the process, I find that contrary to widespread impressions, the crime rate fell very little in the most disadvantaged jurisdictions from 1980 to 2000, and violent crime actually increased). Finally, by examining data about federal grant programs, I find that the rise of federal contributions to local policing in the 1990s slowed the growth of inequality somewhat, suggesting that revenue-sharing has a real but modest role to play in reducing inequality in police protection. Together these findings highlight a neglected aspect of equality in criminal justice.

Are US Crime Rates Really Unit Root Processes?
Jemma Cook and Steve Cook

Existing research has uncovered little evidence against the hypothesis of US crime rates being unit root processes, despite the uncomfortable implications of this assumption. In light of this, the present paper draws upon noted changes in the temporal patterns of US crime rates since 1960 to undertake an informed approach to testing of the unit root hypothesis which incorporates two potential points of structural change. The results obtained show the unit root hypothesis to be rejected for all classifications of criminal activity examined over the period 1960 to 2007. In addition, the dates of the detected breakpoints are supported by a variety of arguments available in the existing criminology literature concerning alternative determinants of crime and their movements. Interestingly, a difference is observed in the nature of the breaks detected for violent and property crimes. However, potential explanations for this are again found in theoretical arguments available in the criminology literature. Finally, the implications of the current findings for the properties of crime, its subsequent statistical analysis and past and future research are discussed.

The Relationship Between Crime and Electronic Gaming Expenditure: Evidence from Victoria, Australia
Sarah A. Wheeler, David K. Round and John K. Wilson

Gambling in Australia is a significant economic activity. Expenditure on its many forms is sizeable and has undergone sustained periods of expansion. At the same time, the structure of the gambling industry has undergone substantial change, with the use of gaming facilities in local hotels and licensed clubs now representing one of the most predominant forms of gambling. Despite this, and the extensive international literature on the relationships between gambling and crime, there have been relatively few studies which examine the local area effects of gaming establishments on crime in Australia. This study uses a unique set of data from the Australian state of Victoria, a region in which local area expansion of gaming networks has been considerable since 1991, to investigate the relationship between gaming machine expenditure and various types of crime in 1996, 2001 and 2006. One particular focus is that of income-generating crime, defined here as theft, fraud, breaking and entering, forgery, false pretences, larceny and robbery. After controlling for a host of statistical issues, our results indicate a consistent positive and significant relationship between gaming and crime rates, especially income-generating crime rates, at the local level.

Risk Clusters, Hotspots, and Spatial Intelligence: Risk Terrain Modeling as an Algorithm for Police Resource Allocation Strategies
Leslie W. Kennedy, Joel M. Caplan and Eric Piza

The study reported here follows the suggestion by Caplan et al. (Justice Q, 2010) that risk terrain modeling (RTM) be developed by doing more work to elaborate, operationalize, and test variables that would provide added value to its application in police operations. Building on the ideas presented by Caplan et al., we address three important issues related to RTM that sets it apart from current approaches to spatial crime analysis. First, we address the selection criteria used in determining which risk layers to include in risk terrain models. Second, we compare the “best model” risk terrain derived from our analysis to the traditional hotspot density mapping technique by considering both the statistical power and overall usefulness of each approach. Third, we test for “risk clusters” in risk terrain maps to determine how they can be used to target police resources in a way that improves upon the current practice of using density maps of past crime in determining future locations of crime occurrence. This paper concludes with an in depth exploration of how one might develop strategies for incorporating risk terrains into police decision-making. RTM can be developed to the point where it may be more readily adopted by police crime analysts and enable police to be more effectively proactive and identify areas with the greatest probability of becoming locations for crime in the future. The targeting of police interventions that emerges would be based on a sound understanding of geographic attributes and qualities of space that connect to crime outcomes and would not be the result of identifying individuals from specific groups or characteristics of people as likely candidates for crime, a tactic that has led police agencies to be accused of profiling. In addition, place-based interventions may offer a more efficient method of impacting crime than efforts focused on individuals.

How do Visitors Affect Crime?
Earl L. Grinols, David B. Mustard and Melissa Staha

This paper, which uses data on National Park visitors between 1979 and 1998 and every county in the United States, is the most exhaustive examination to date of how visitors affect crime. After controlling for many other factors that influence crime, the county-level regressions consistently indicate that national park visitors have no effect on either property or violent crime. These results are true for a variety of different measures of park visitors, for different empirical specifications, and for different regression formats. We therefore conclude that some visitor types have no impact on crime. This conclusion sheds light on the empirical issue of whether only some types of recreational visitors increase crime or whether visitors, regardless of their type, necessarily increase crime.

The Series Hazard Model: An Alternative to Time Series for Event Data
Laura Dugan

An important pursuit by a body of criminological research is its endeavor to determine whether interventions or policy changes effectively achieve their intended goals. Because theories predict that interventions could either improve or worsen outcomes, estimators designed to improve the accuracy of identifying program or policy effects are in demand. This article introduces the series hazard model as an alternative to interrupted time series when testing for the effects of an intervention on event-based outcomes. It compares the two approaches through an example that examines the effects of two interventions on aerial hijacking. While series hazard modeling may not be appropriate for all event-based time series data or every context, it is a robust alternative that allows for greater flexibility in many contexts.

Journal of Quantitative Criminology, September 2011: Volume 27, Issue 3

American Sociological Review 76(4)

Unions, Norms, and the Rise in U.S. Wage Inequality
Bruce Western and Jake Rosenfeld

From 1973 to 2007, private sector union membership in the United States declined from 34 to 8 percent for men and from 16 to 6 percent for women. During this period, inequality in hourly wages increased by over 40 percent. We report a decomposition, relating rising inequality to the union wage distribution’s shrinking weight. We argue that unions helped institutionalize norms of equity, reducing the dispersion of nonunion wages in highly unionized regions and industries. Accounting for unions’ effect on union and nonunion wages suggests that the decline of organized labor explains a fifth to a third of the growth in inequality—an effect comparable to the growing stratification of wages by education.

Income Dynamics, Economic Rents, and the Financialization of the U.S. Economy
Donald Tomaskovic-Devey and Ken-Hou Lin

The 2008 collapse of the world financial system, while proximately linked to the housing bubble and risk-laden mortgage backed securities, was a consequence of the financialization of the U.S. economy since the 1970s. This article examines the institutional and income dynamics associated with the financialization of the U.S. economy, advancing a sociological explanation of income shifts into the finance sector. Complementary developments include banking deregulation, finance industry concentration, increased size and scope of institutional investors, the shareholder value movement, and dominance of the neoliberal policy model. As a result, we estimate that between 5.8 and 6.6 trillion dollars were transferred to the finance sector since 1980. We conclude that understanding inequality dynamics requires attention to market institutions and politics.

Cohesion, Cooperation, and the Value of Doing Things Together: How Economic Exchange Creates Relational Bonds
Ko Kuwabara

A recent debate in sociological exchange theory concerns which form of exchange is likely to promote cohesion in exchange relations. One side maintains that bilateral exchange, often associated with economic transactions, entails joint action to share mutual benefits, contributing more to feelings of cohesion than do independent acts of unilateral giving from one person to another, typical of social exchange. The other side argues that bilateral exchange requires dividing resources under binding terms of exchange, which strains relationships by underscoring competitive aspects of exchange. The present study reconciles these divergent claims by testing a new model of exchange that combines key propositions from past theories to specify when bilateral exchange promotes or undermines cohesion. Results from two laboratory experiments provide support for the model’s core claim that cooperative forms of bilateral exchange can reinforce cohesion more than unilateral exchange does, contrary to the enduring assumption that economic exchange undermines relational bonds.

Schools for Democracy: Labor Union Participation and Latino Immigrant Parents’ School-Based Civic Engagement
Veronica Terriquez

Scholars have long argued that civic organizations play a vital role in developing members’ civic capacity. Yet few empirical studies examine how and the extent to which civic skills transfer across distinct and separate civic contexts. Focusing on Latino immigrant members of a Los Angeles janitors’ labor union, this article fills a void by investigating union members’ involvement in an independent civic arena—their children’s schools. Analyses of random sample survey and semi-structured interview data demonstrate that labor union experience does not simply lead to more civic engagement, as previous research might suggest. Rather, conceptual distinctions must be made between active and inactive union members and between different types of civic engagement. Results show that active union members are not particularly involved in plug-in types of involvement, which are typically defined and dictated by school personnel. Instead, active union members tend to become involved in critical forms of engagement that allow them to voice their interests and exercise leadership. Furthermore, findings suggest that the problem solving, advocacy, and organizing skills acquired through union participation do not uniformly influence members’ civic engagement. Experience in a social movement union serves as a catalyst for civic engagement for some, while it enhances the leadership capacity of others.

Learning to Be Illegal: Undocumented Youth and Shifting Legal Contexts in the Transition to Adulthood
Roberto G. Gonzales

This article examines the transition to adulthood among 1.5-generation undocumented Latino young adults. For them, the transition to adulthood involves exiting the legally protected status of K to 12 students and entering into adult roles that require legal status as the basis for participation. This collision among contexts makes for a turbulent transition and has profound implications for identity formation, friendship patterns, aspirations and expectations, and social and economic mobility. Undocumented children move from protected to unprotected, from inclusion to exclusion, from de facto legal to illegal. In the process, they must learn to be illegal, a transformation that involves the almost complete retooling of daily routines, survival skills, aspirations, and social patterns. These findings have important implications for studies of the 1.5- and second-generations and the specific and complex ways in which legal status intervenes in their coming of age. The article draws on 150 interviews with undocumented 1.5-generation young adult Latinos in Southern California.

Toward a Theory of Cultural Appropriation: Buddhism, the Vietnam War, and the Field of U.S. Poetry
Baris Büyükokutan

Culture and politics have a close relationship, but how exactly does the cultural become the political? This article builds a theoretical framework for this question by examining Vietnam-era U.S. poets’ politicization of Buddhism at the expense of more effective or more easily controllable discursive resources. I find, first, that outcomes depend on whether would-be appropriators and legitimate owners of the appropriated resource can strike a mutually beneficial bargain. Second, whether two such distinct parties emerge depends on how tightly contexts of the appropriation process are linked. Consequently, appropriation is best understood as reciprocal exchange.

American Sociological Review, August 2011: Volume 76, Issue 4

Journal of Criminal Justice 39(4)

New frontiers in criminal careers research, 2000–2011: A state-of-the-art review
Matt DeLisi, Alex R. Piquero

Criminal careers research is increasingly aligning with self-control theory, psychopathy, the developmental taxonomy, and biosocial criminology. Criminal careers research is poised to combine with developmental psychopathology research to offer a full life-course understanding of crime. Career criminals are analogous to allied constructs in clinical psychology that point to pathological and extreme antisocial conduct for a small subset of criminal offenders.

Life domains and crime: A test of Agnew's general theory of crime and delinquency
Fawn T. Ngo, Raymond Paternoster, Francis T. Cullen, Doris Layton Mackenzie

We conduct a preliminary test of Agnew's general theory of crime and delinquency. Whether each of the five life domain variables is related to recidivism. Whether there is a non-linear relationship between the life domains and recidivism. Whether the five life domains interact in causing recidivism. Only two life domains are significant and none of the interactions are significant.

The effect of perceived risk and victimization on plans to purchase a gun for self-protection
Gary Kleck, Tomislav Kovandzic, Mark Saber, Will Hauser

We studied the impact of prior victimization and perceived risk on gun ownership. The main problem is that gun ownership can affect crime risk, victimization. We solved this problem by relating plans to get guns to risk and victimization. Crime risk, prior victimization have significant positive effects on gun ownership.

What works (or doesn't) in a DUI court? An example of expedited case processing
Jeffrey A. Bouffard, Leana A. Bouffard

The expedited case processing docket for DUI significantly reduced the number of DUI case filings. There was no effect of the DUI court docket on the number of alcohol-involved collisions. The expedited court docket reduced case processing time as intended. Certainty did not change, and severity declined during the time period.

Personality, antisocial behavior, and aggression: A meta-analytic review
Shayne E. Jones, Joshua D. Miller, Donald R. Lynam

Sustaining families, dissuading crime: The effectiveness of a family preservation program with male delinquents
Brie Diamond, Robert G. Morris, Jonathan W. Caudill

Deficits in family functioning have been linked with delinquent behavior. Family Preservation aims to reduce recidivism by addressing family problems. This study analyzes the effectiveness of FP with male juvenile delinquents. The results fails to provide support for the use of FP with male delinquents. Results highlight the importance of treatment fidelity in CJ programs.

Population heterogeneity, state dependence and sexual offender recidivism: The aging process and the lost predictive impact of prior criminal charges over time
Joanna Amirault, Patrick Lussier

Population heterogeneity and state dependent models were explored with sex offenders Prior offending in early adulthood loses its predictive value with the passage of time Most recent offenses in the period considered were most predictive of recidivism Offender age at release and educational achievement were associated with recidivism Risk assessment should consider both the age and the passage of time to assess risk of reoffending

Incarceration, education and transition from delinquency
Thomas G. Blomberg, William D. Bales, Karen Mann, Alex R. Piquero, Richard A. Berk

Much of what is known regarding the transition away from crime is limited to young adulthood, specific life events and general population samples. This study assesses the links between educational achievement, post-release schooling, and re-arrest for a cohort of incarcerated youths from Florida juvenile institutions and followed for two years post-release. Results indicate that youths with higher educational achievement are more likely to return to school after release, and those youths who returned to and attended school regularly were less likely to be rearrested. Among youths who were rearrested, those youth who attended school regularly following release were arrested for significantly less serious offenses compared to youths who did not attend school or attended less regularly. The study highlight educational achievement as an important turning point for juvenile offenders as they transition into young adulthood.

Journal of Criminal Justice, July 2011: Volume 39, Issue 4

The ANNALS of the AAPSS 637

Race, Religion, and Late Democracy

Introduction: Democracy’s Anxious Returns
David Kyuman Kim and John L. Jackson, Jr.

"Look, Baby, We Got Jesus on Our Flag": Robust Democracy and Religious Debate from the Era of Slavery to the Age of Obama
Edward J. Blum

Forerunner: The Campaigns and Career of Edward Brooke
Jason Sokol

Iran’s French Revolution: Religion, Philosophy, and Crowds
Roxanne Varzi

Democracy’s New Song: Black Reconstruction in America, 1860–1880 and the Melodramatic Imagination
Marina Bilbija

Habits of the Heart: Youth Religious Participation as Progress, Peril, or Change?
Monica R. Miller and Ezekiel J. Dixon-Roman

Populism and Late Liberalism: A Special Affinity?
Jean Comroff

Chadors, Feminists, Terror: The Racial Politics of U.S. Media Representations of the 1979 Iranian Women’s Movement
Sylvia Chan-Malik

The End of Neoliberalism?: What Is Left of the Left
John Comaroff

Religion as Race, Recognition as Democracy: Lemba "Black Jews" in South Africa
Noah Tamarkin

The Race toward Caraqueño Citizenship: Negotiating Race, Class, and Participatory Democracy
Giles Harrison-Conwill

The Racialization of Islam in American Law
Neil Gotanda

The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, September 2011: Volume 637